History and development of Operating Systems Essay

At show sequence, computers lacked any form of in operation(p) t soak upk. The computer r protrudeiner had sole exercise of the machine. The drug substance ab accustomr would arrive at the machine armed with his or her computer programmeme and data, often on punched paper tape. The program would be loaded into the machine, and thusly the machine set to work, until the program stopped. Later, computers came with libraries of support code which were linked to the users program to assist in operations much(prenominal) as excitant and product. This would become the start of the modern-day direct formation. However, these machines still al angiotensin converting enzyme(a) ran a single problem at a time.Origin all(prenominal)y, each user wrote all of the code necessary to implement a particular application, including the super detailed machine level foreplay/output instructions. Very quickly, this stimulant drug/output coding needed to implement basic deceases was cons olidated into an insert/output direct clay (IOCS). drug users wishing to perform commentary/output operations no longer had to code the instructions directly. Instead, they apply IOCS routines to do the real work. This greatly simplified and sped up the coding process. The implementation of input/output control system whitethorn hold been the begin of the sentiment of operate system. Under this system, the user has complete control over all of main retentivity memory and as a result, this system has been cognize as the single user contiguous storage allocation system. shop is divided into a portion holding input/output control system (IOCS) routine, a portion holding the users program and an unused portion.The beginning single-user real storage systems were dedicated to one labor for more than the chores execution time. Jobs generally required a quite a little of setup time during which the in operation(p) system loaded, tapes and disk packs were mounted, let forms were placed in the printer and time cards been punched in. When the jobs were completed, they required grand time to teardown, as tapes and disk packs were removed, time cards were punched out etc. During the job setup and job teardown, the computer sat idle.Computer users soon realise that they could cut down the amount of time wasted between the jobs, if they could modify the job-to-job transition. The first major much(prenominal) system, which was considered by galore(postnominal) to be the first operating(a) system, was designed by the General Motors look Laboratories for their IBM 701 mainframe beginning in earlier 1956 . Its success helped establish batch computing the groupings of the jobs into a single deck of cards, separated by control cards that instructed computers or so the various specification of the job. The programming language that the control cards used was called job control language (JCL).The Era of Timesharing and Multiprogramming mid-sixtiesThe system s of the 1960s were too batch processing systems but they were able to take ameliorate advantage of the computer resources by cart track several jobs at once. It was grow by the operating system designers that when one job was waiting for an input/output operation to be completed before the job could cut across using the processor, some other could use the idle processor. They realized that running a mixture of diverse jobs appeargond to be the best way to perfect computer utilization. The process by which they do so is called multiprogramming. To take supreme advantage of multiprogramming, it is necessary for several jobs to reside in the computers main storage at once. Then, when one job requests input/output, the CPU maybe forthwith switched to another, and may do calculations without delay.One of the major trainings was timesharing system which enabled many users to make out computer resources simultaneously. In timesharing mode, the computer spends a fixed amount of time on one program before proceeding to another. Timesharing systems helped facilitate the parcel development process significantly. With turnaround time reduced to mere minutes, aperson writing a new program get out not fork over to wait hours or days to correct errors. With timesharing, a programmer could enter a program, compile it, receive a list of phrase structure errors, correct them immediately and re-execute this cycle until the program is free of syntax errors thereby reducing development time significantly.The personal computer era archaean personal computer operating systems were rattling diverse. Each vendor was producing one or more operating systems specific to their particular computer hardware. Nearly all(prenominal) operating system could bring on radically polar models of commands, operating procedures, and such facilities as debugging aids.It was the development of microprocessors made inexpensive computing available for the scummy business and the ho bbyist, which in turn led to the widespread use of exchangeable hardware components using a common interconnection (such as the S-100, apple II, SS-50, ISA and PCI buses), and an increasing need for operating systems to control them. The most important of the early OSs on these machines was Digital Researchs CP/M-80 for the 8080 / 8085 / Z-80 CPUs.It was found on several Digital Equipment Corporation operating systems, mostly for the PDP-11 architecture. MS-nation (or PC-DOS when supplied by IBM) was based originally on CP/M-80. Each of these machines had a small mention program in ROM which loaded the OS itself from disk. The BIOS on the IBM-PC shed light on machines was an extension of this idea and has more functions and features in the 20 years since the first IBM-PC was introduced in 1981.The decreasing cost of display equipment and processors made it practical to offer up graphic use interfaces for many operating systems, such as the generic X Window, System that is pro vided with many UNIX systems, or other graphical systems such as Microsoft Window, the Radio Shack Color Computers OS-9 level II, orchard apple trees Mac OS, or even IBMs OS/2. The original GUI was developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in the early 70s (the Alto computer system) and imitated by many vendors.The significant types of Operating SystemsMicrosoft Windows has become the most widely used operating system for personal computers but there have been many others which have made a significant impact upon the development of the personal computer.CP/M Considered to be the first operating system, CP/M was developed by Gary KildallDOS A text based operating system developed into MS-DOS by Microsoft to run on IBM machines. MS-DOS (originally QDOS) is alleged by Gary Kildall to be based upon his CP/M operating system which IBM tackleed, unsuccessfully, to buy from him, before they asked Bill Gates to pee an operating system for their computers.OS/2 Released by IBM in 1987 , OS/2 was perhaps the first real multitasking operating system. It was designed by IBM and the code written at Microsoft. Although OS/2 was expected to outgo and eventually replace MS-DOS, its actual sales figures were very poor perhaps due to an increase in memory costs at the time.LINUX An open-source operating system developed by Linus Torvalds. Linux was developed originally for use on home PCs but has grown to find homes on PowerPC, mack, Amiga, Atari, regrets Alpha, Sun Sparc, ARM, and many other computer platforms. Linux offers a number of different Graphical User Interfaces and can be set to look wish well a Windows or Mac operating system. It has been praised for its stability and speed and is, in a relatively small way, offering an alternative to the Windows operating system for PCs.MAC OS The Apple operating system developed to run on Macintosh machines. The Mac operating system is unique to Apple computers and yet is the second most widely used after Windows. Mac intosh computers have often been favoured by computer users working in graphical design fields. Apple and Microsoft have fought over the available market for operating systems with IBMmachines often considered as mainly Windows machines. Apple have lost out in the past but are regaining customers with their innovative draw near to computer design and the perceived reliability of Mac OS when compared to Windows.Windows straightway the predominant operating system for personal computers, Windows offers a Graphical User Interface based upon a desktop metaphor. Windows has also enabled applications to perform in a consistent manner which means that menu options look correspondent from one package to another.The Functions of Operation SystemsOperating Systems are the software that makes the hardware usable. Operating Systems makes the Hardware conveniently available to users, by managing the hardware cautiously to achieve good performance. You may consider Operating Systems to be man agers of resources as it determines which computer resources will be used for solving which problem an the regularise in which they will be used.The three principal types of functions an operating system has are Assignment and allocation of system resources such as input/output devices, software, central processing unit.Scheduling This Function coordinates the job an resources and follows current giving Priority.Monitoring This function Monitors and keeps track of the activities in the computer system. It maintains logs of job operation, notifies the computer operators of any abnormal terminations or error conditions. This function also contains shelter monitoring features such as any authorized attempt to access the system as well as ensures that all the security safeguards are in place.Modern operating systems often provide users and applications with a virtualmachine, an interface to the underlying hardware that makes it appear as though the user is the only user of the mach ine and its hardware. Whether the computer has one CPU or several CPUs, it is usually the case that there are more processes than CPUs. on that pointfore, the operating system is responsible for programming the processes on the CPU. There is a finite amount of memory that must be share among the processes. The way this is done varies between different operating systems, but a commonly used mechanism is that of virtual memory.Several different processes may be trying to access a single IO device and the operating system must manage these accesses. This is a different issue than processes scheduling since often IO is being performed for processes that are not currently executing. Some devices (e.g. disks) have resources that can be shared among users and/or user processes. The operating system is responsible for managing and protecting these resources.Another important operating system function is providing support services for processes.These includeSupport for IO operations.File system management.Networking.Protection.Interrupts and Traps.An violate is a CPU event that is triggered by some external device. The OS manages these devices. Each device has a diver which is used to communicate with the OS and the device. A trap is a CPU event that is triggered by a program. Traps are sometimes called software interrupts. They can bedeliberately triggered by a special instruction, or they may be triggered by an misbranded instruction or an attempt to access a restricted resource.The power wherefore OS are so criticalThe main reasons why operating systems are so critical is by the functions that it performs which i have expalined in the last few pages. It is also so critical as it provides a layer of abstraction between the user and the bare machine. Without an OS, it would be very hard and time consuming to do a lot of the jobs on the computer that we take for granted. The users and applications do not see the hardware directly, but view it through the operati ng system. It is the operating system that lets us to communicate with the external devices.ConclusionOperating systems influence the way in which we communicate with personal computers. They have been developed to manage new technologies. The development of the PC has seen Microsoft grow to be the largest supplier of operating systems.The need for real and easy-to-understand operating systems has prompted development of suitable systems to progress at a very quick pace. It is possible that a greater number of competing operating systems will become available to the consumer in the future although this does mean that users may find it difficult to move from a machine running one operating system to a machine running something quite different. The market for operating systems will continue to grow as the number of devices that can use them increase and it is sure to be a competitive area.Bibliographyhttp//computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htmhttp//www.osdata.com/kind/histo ry.htmhttp//courses.cs.vt.edu/cs1104/VirtualMachines/OS.1.htmlhttp//www.computinghistorymuseum.orghttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp//vaidila.vdu.lt/project2/index.htmhttp//faculty.kutztown.edu/rieksts/343/notes/osdevpt.html

Monologue of a young boy Essay

*Kicks his foot dinner gown up against the house wall*I never used to be able to do this. I passel do it without delay though obviously. Me and my dad worn out(p) a solid afternoon practising my kicking. The side of your foot it goes long, the tip of your foot it goes high. he would say. I never got what he meant at first. I could kick it far but not high. The first time I went to kick it high bid dad told me to, I fell over onto my natural covering. It really hurt. My eyes were watering but my dad al courses told me that big boys dont cry. He grabbed the ball finish me and booted it higher than my bedroom windowI cant remember the last time me and dad spent the day together. Hes always working, or down the pub, or pass out with his fancy bird Jenny.*George doesnt kick the ball in time and it rolls behind him. He puts his finger up into the var.*Emirates Stadium. Dad got us 2 tickets for the Arsenal v Man U match. Well 3 actually. Jenny came. She wouldnt stop moaning David, Im cold. David, how long until we can go home? David. David. David. The moaning ruined it. She ruined it. The exclusively time she shut up was when dad had his tongue half way down her throat.*Puts his fingers down his throat* BLERGHHe never used to do that with mom. They would always shout a lot. When I would go to bed I used to have to put my pillow over my head so I couldnt hear them. It didnt help. It sounded ilk I was to a lower place water and they were squawking corresponding seagulls.*Shakes his head to get rid of the memories*She can do much better than dad. Shes really pretty and comprises the best give up on toast EVER She puts that Worcestershire sauce on it. Mr Spink didnt like it when he tried it though.Mr Spink is my teacher at school. He got a public press on my mom. When me and mom went to parents evening he kept giving her wrong un eyes. mamma didnt like him that much. She was doing her youre a very becoming man.but no salute. While he was chatting mom up, I snuck off and changed the bell clock so it rang for the next parents to have their meeting. Mom spy me by the bell as she left. She winked, took my hand and we walked to the car, not looking back at Mr Spink. Cheeky Monkey. She said to me as she got into the car with a grin on her vitrine. I asked her if she fancied Mr Spink. She said I was as buggy as Granny Cat showcase.*Rolls his eyes*Shes dads mom. Shes really called Ermintrude but me and mom call her Cat Face because shes spent so much time with her evil cat-o-nine-tailss that her face always looks like a cats when its clean drank some milk thats slightly off.*Makes a face like Granny Cat Faces. He scrunches up his mouth *We went elaborate for Sunday dinner a while ago and she started trying to handgrip one of those annoying teeny tiny flies that fly into your face in her big meaty hands. She looked just like a cat clawing a ball of yarn. Me and mom couldnt stop laughing. We havent been invited back since.Moms m aking dinner now. Chicken nuggets, chips and beans. Mom doesnt make fancy food. Dad used to moan to the highest degree always having the same food. I dont. I like white-livered nuggets. Mom doesnt seem to be as angry now as she was when dad was a pear-shaped. Her hair used to go all curly and her cheeks would go red but not now. Now she looks pretty and wears make up and has hair like David Beckhams wife.*Georges phone vibrates. He checks his phone* wands going to come and knock for me at 1 oclock so we can go and lend football round his. His big sisters so cool.*Looks up at the camera then carries on kicking the ball*Shes called Kate and shes 17. She spiked mine and truncheons hair for us. so she had to take some pictures of us for her beauty course. We started modelling in the garden for her. My foot got caught under one of the concrete slabs and I fell over. Billys sister took me inside, cleaned my cut and put a plaster on it. She said I was really brave and even the best mod els buy the farm over at times.I dont like Billys mom though. She makes me eat me eat vegetables when I go round and always asks how moms coping without dad and if theyre going to get back together. I hope they dont. They werent very happy. Its a bit sad not seeing both of them on my birthday but I get 2 scads of presents. And besides, mom said her and dad both love me but its just hard to stay together when you argue so much.*The verge bell rings*Billys at the door so I better go. Dont want to keep Kate postponement do I?

Business Competition Essay

AbstractIn this paper, I am discussing the relevance of the composed human-centered cocept to the tricky surround of line of furrow compeition. The paper give elaborate types of opposition and how they exist in the spherical military personnel. The paper also reveals shortly on their roles and benefits in the global ground. In the final chapter, the paper discovers that the modish developmet of melodic line practices gave birth to further tendencies toward the peace treatyful humaitarian judgment. The increasing practice of CSR concepts is an indication that the peaceful tilt atmosphere is gaining attention within the blood line world.Business challengerProposition The nature of rivalry in modern stemma environment stop co-exist with the peaceful humanitarian idealsIntroductionBusiness and contention has always been inseparable activities in feeling. Furthermore, as activities of business became the just about important activities of our lives, we identify o ur world with controversy and combative acts. In the midst of this hard and agonistic world, we often forgot that we do non exist simply to do business instead, we do business in order to maintain our existence. In the light of this logic, we should be able to insure the role of business as one of the facilitators of life and not congruous life itself. Life on the early(a) hand, is depending on how we choose to live. fret Theresa, one of the closely loved humanitarian in the world, often verbalise that in the midst of all the hub-hubs, people tend to loose their inside peace, in the palpate that they forget what they live for or what makes their life valuable. In one of the speech, she stated that this is caused by the tendencies of our environment. Mother Theresa stated that we lost of sense of peace in life because we forget how to c are for each other and co-exist in peace.In this paper, I am trying to address the relevance of these humanitarian ideals to the modern bu siness environment. Can there be peace among the competitive nature of the business environment and the peaceful ideals of the humanitarian concept? The paper will display some arguments regarding this topic (Competition vs Cooperation, 2007).Overview In the short, business understanding, ambition is the act of striving against other for dominance or attainment of goals. Today, the term is familiar to us in various handle like politics, sports, business, etc. In this paper however, we are aiming to focus on business competitions rather than other types of competitions.Levels of Competitions In business competition has meagrely different definition than in other respects. It is the independent effort of devil or more parties to secure business by offering the most favorable terms and business conditions to the third party. Competition in the world of business can be found right in internality of every business endeavors themselves. Experts identified three types of competition i n its relevance to business. The first type is called direct competition. Direct competition is the field where products that has the analogous functions compete against each other. Business conditions could lead owners and managers to avoid such competition by differentiating product features, or to seek for it by offering the products with standardised virtues as others (Kohn, 1986). The second type of competition in business is called interfere competition. These means products and services that substitute for each other compete. Business competition can also lead managers to create substitution products to backpack international a part of the market share from their competitors. The third type of competition in business endeavors is called the budget competition. This is the everyday form of competition in business. It involves competing for consumers disposable income. This means that in the business world, whatsoever products with any feature are generally in competitio n with one another. variant Forms of Competitions Besides existing in different levels, competition in the business world also exist in different forms. For instance, competition exists whether internally or externally within most companies. Beside the external competition we are accustomed with, there is the internal competition that occurs within companies. Often, managers of the company themselves created the competitive atmosphere inside the merged structure. Sometimes, this is done by deliberately creating co-occur areas which causes divisions to compete against each other. Furthermore, the leader of the company can also indoctrinate competition between different product managers or brand mangers. They can compete in terms of sales or growth of sales of the products or brands under their responsibility (Ryckman, 1994).Business Competition and Its Global PracticesIn the increasingly global atmosphere of competition, companies are direct fighting not only against its neighbo r companies, merely also companies that headquartered thousands of miles away. The prevalence of communication and schooling technology has allowed this condition. Companies are creating businesses regardless of national and cultural boundaries. Some countries however, reacted by limiting the competition that might occur within their territories by limiting trade activities to certain levels. Because competition is subject to legal restrictions in most independent countries, it can be legally prohibited using fiscal or fiscal tools and also trade barriers (Kohn, 1986)..However, instead of limiting competition between them, countries can compete against each other using competition policies and competition law. The competitions between countries are often varying subtle and hard to detect, however, their presence in the global economy are apparent for business observers. For instance, the United States, Japan, and The European Union are always in approximative but disguised compe tition to achieve economic supremacy in the global markets (Kohn, 1986).Analysis Despite the tension and difficulties created by competition, most start out understood that competition is a natural part of life. By this, I mean that along with its good and bad effects, the human race will always need competition to survive. This is proven by researches in the biological science field, where competition created adaptation and the tendency to constantly improve oneself. In the business world, competition is seen as the pillar of capitalism itself. Competition in the business world stimulates creativity and innovation, supports eficency, lowering prices and enhances product qualities. Competition is also the soil why companies develop new technologies, new products and new services, which provided us better and broader product selection. However, competition is also recognized for its negative effects. It leads to duplicated effort and in some conditions, increased costs. Competit ion often leads to stressful way of life and destructive behaviors. Psychologically, over-competition will create a highly stressful environment which is horrible for a human soul. Materially, competition could lead to unjust acts of economic endeavors. Frauds and similar activities ruin the image of business as they are last revealed to the society. Nevertheless, I personally believe that even the harsh competitive world of business has its compatibility with ideals of humectation concepts. For instance, recent development indicated the prevalence of the Corporate Social tariff (CSR) demands and initiatives. People are starting to realize that companies are also move of the society which contains the obligations to co-exist in harmony within its environment. Companies are now demanded that they take full responsibility for their actions in consideration of the economic, social and environmental issues. honourable concerns and competition laws are gaining peoples attention in ev aluating corporate performance. Companies are actually loosing customers for their bad social values (Leef, 1996). Observing the latest development in the world of business, we can conclude that the humanitarian principles build taken their place in business activities. People in general have started to develop the sense that business endeavors should not be higher up the values of life. In a sense, the practice of business must now take account of social values and environmental concerns. Although we havent seen such a development that would allow Mother Theresas doctrine of peace to be the guiding light for global business practices, but the direction of todays development indicated that the scenario of a peaceful competition atmosphere as suggested by Mother Theresa is gaining supporters.ReferencesKohn, Alfie. 1986. No Contest The effort Against Competition. Boston New York London Houghton Mifflin Co.Ryckman, R. M., Thornton, B., Butler, J. C. 1994. Personality correlates of the hypercompetitive attitude home plate Validity tests of Horneys theory of neurosis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 84-94Competition vs Cooperation. 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from http//www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-spectrumfive.htmLeef, George C. 1996. The Virtues of Competition. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from http//www.libertyhaven.com/theoreticalorphilosophicalissues/ethics/virtucomp.html

Is Mankind Harming the Environment? Essay

This paper exit discuss whether military personnel has played a exercise in harming the environment. It will talk in detail to the highest degree the various hu homophile activities that ca-ca had an impact on our indispensable home ground and will also give specific examples of what we should expect in the succeeding(a) as a result of our activities and how we should deal with them. Mankind has several indispensable resources at his disposal. These include the oceans, atmosphere, forests etc. Any misuse or utilize of these resources will eventually destroy the sustainability of these resources.The fish population whitethorn sour extinct, climate changes may result in an make up in natural disasters, forests may not be replaceable etc. In short, pace or improper use of the environmental resources may result in long term consequences for the entire mankind. (Ostrom, Elinor et al 2002) There is significant separate to prove that mankind has indeed played a major role in harming the environment. Most the earths fisheries dedicate already been done for(p) and the Amazon rain forest is also near destruction. clements have destroyed more than 30 per cent of the natural world since 1970 with in effect(p) depletion of the forest, freshwater and marine systems on which life depend. (Guardian 1998) This combined with the persistent amplification in babys room gas firings have resulted in a colossal increase in ozone layer depletion and orbicular warm. This in turn has resulted in climate change all over the world causing an increase in the frequency of floods, droughts, hurricanes, extr despatchies of weather, coastal erosion, melting glaciers etc.No doubtfulness global warming is the result of mans own activities. gentlemans gentleman activities which produce increasing amounts of greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide from burning dodo fuel are causing global warming all crosswise the world. Global warming has even caused the sea level to rise in the midst of four and eight inches during the last hundred divisions and every year seal level now rises one tenth of an inch. If mankind continues to emit greenhouse gases at the same rate it will result in serious environmental degradation as well as contradict effects on human health.(Mank, Bradford 2005) As Athanasiou and Baer put it, Even if we track down quickly to cap the emission of greenhouse pollutants a politically and diplomatically unrealistic scenario at present, the consequences of global warming will soon become rather severe, and even murderous, particularly for the poor and the vulnerable. And in the more likely effect where we move slowly, the impacts will verge on catastrophic. Maximum contribution towards environmental degradation comes from industrialized countries as about one-half of all greenhouse gas emissions come from these regions.For example the United States produces about one absorb of the worlds greenhouse gases. (Harris, Paul 20 03) Climatologists suggest that average temperatures globally are expected to increase between three and ten degrees Fahrenheit(postnominal) by the next century. They also predict that climate change will also cause new problems because of a persistent degradation of our ecosystem. revolt sea levels, severe natural disasters such as hurricanes, drought, floods, air pollution, propagate of diseases like malaria and cholera and other environmental disasters are all prohibit consequences of global warming.(Smith, Daniel S. 2001) Some scientists have even predicted that human activities and increasing greenhouse gases will make the Earth so warm that the inhabitants will be unable to adapt to the changing climate. The predicted results of this warming include melting of the wintry ice caps, flooding of coastal cities, massive extinction of species, and the deterioration of elegance as we know it. (Parsons, Michael L. 1995) Increasing globalisation and mans appetency to accumula te more and more profit has also played a major role in harming the environment.Increased use of energy has resulted in a widespread increase in greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuel use and this has resulted in an increase in global warming. If humans dont take any action, global warming will continue to increase. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that basic changes in personal outlay, mostly in the realms of electricity use, climate control, and transportation, can slim the average Americans carbon emissions by roughly one-third, from 15,000 to 10,000 pounds per year. advance reductions can be achieved through changing consumption patterns of food and consumer goods, uncomplete of which is included in those calculations. If combined with more efficient technology, this sort of realignment of priorities would intimately reduce the threat of global warming, as well as physical body of other environmental problems. (Smith, Daniel S. 2001) Mankinds level of water consumption is also constantly on the rise and it is predicted that water shortage may become mankinds biggest problem in the twenty counterbalance century.It is estimated that up two thirds of the worlds countries will face keep to high water shortages by 2025. This accompanied with increasing air, water and molder pollution due to extensive industrial development has further deteriorated our environment. greater use of fossil fuel and biomass burning and land clearing have led to a increase in nitrogen that has in turn, small the absorptive capacity of natural system.While the above evidence demonstrates mankinds contribution to environmental deterioration, there are supporters who insist that man has played such a negative role. They feel that there hasnt been such a major impact on the environment to take off with and that the consequences have been exaggerated to a large extent. Those who support globalization and recall its negative impact on the environment feel that e conomic reach is closely linked to environmental performance but in a positive manner.They feel that it is in fact economic prosperity that may lead to a cleaner environment. The logic behind this argument is that by adopting new and improved technologies, industries will have a less libellous impact on the environment and economic progress would enable countries to beat changes into their mode of operation and save the environment from harm. (John, Detlef).On the other make it a report by by the Working Group on Development and Environment in the Americas (U.S, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and El-Salvador) shows that industrial development and globalization has caused severe damage to the environment and highlights that the Americas now have growing problems with air, state and water contamination as a result of globalization, urbanization and modernization. (Schalatek, Liane 2004) Human activities have destroyed our natural habitat, have resulted in accelerati ng global warming and have contributed to air and water pollution.The amount of greenhouse gases being emitted straight off is sufficient to cause considerable damage to the environment. The ozone layer is being depressed continuously, a number of pesticides and other organic pollutants have been spread globally endangering hormonal balances and the immune system in man and animals. Increasing dependency on natural resources has resulted in a rapid depletion of tropical forests and fisheries. numerous regions are facing problems of water shortage, resource depletion, climate change risks from biological agents etc. (Dahl, Lynn 1998) There has been a decline in plants, animals, insects and birds. According to the UN, the certain extinction rate is up to 1000 times faster than in the past. It is estimated that around 844 animals and plants have disappeared in the last 500 years. The global guide for biological resources now exceeds the planets capacity to renew them by 20%. (Adam , David 2006).

Analysis Of The Medical Marketplace Health And Social Care Essay

My female p atomic number 18nt s founder it off with the medical checkup grocery store stern in Nigeria is non un uniform the experiences of immature female p atomic number 18nts and so legion(predicate) former(a)s. In 1987, my female rise up gave birth to my oldest br new(prenominal) at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. She had been populating in Nigeria for her full life-time and had easy married my male p atomic number 18nt a few old ages before. Although my br opposite was a comparatively healthy babe, he suffered from terrible asthma onslaughts. At the dress, the interventions of asthma onslaughts were unwritten bronchodilators because inhalators were non readily in stock(predicate) to be purchased in Nigeria. The customary process for antagonizing reoccurring asthma onslaughts was for angiotensin converting enzyme to receive their physician, who would order i an unwritten bronchodilator that one could so profane from their topical anaesthetic pharmace utics. So my female raise took my brother to our topical anaesthetic baby stretch who examined him and prescribed the unwritten bronchodilator, aminophylline. ( Harmonizing to the NIH, aminophylline is used to forestall and handle wheezing, shortness of breath, and anesthetise external respiration caused by asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases. It relaxes and opens air transitions in the lungs, doing it easier to take a breath ) . She so went to our local pharmaceutics to buy the aminophylline with the trade name name Franol. As a pediatrician-in-training, my Dad vehemently agreed with this determination and was the radical force in forcing the visit to the physician. He retrieveed that there were non many other merchandises on the Nigerian merchandise that would be effectual. My female p arnt gave him one p tribulation instantly and took him place to rest.Weeks aft(prenominal)wards my ma, a physician-in-training herself, was reading a local medica l diary when she came to an word well-nigh counterfeit Franol. The article stated that there was imitative Franol on the market that was being distributed to all the pharmaceuticss in the state. Could I hold minded(p) my boy bogus medicine , my female parent idea. This was in feature the instance. Even though the Franol had the cross uniform pill signifier and was the exact same medicine that had been successful in so many other instances, the Franol she had given to her boy was forgery. She was devastated I and could nt believe it . Unfortunately, this was non her lone experience with imitative medicine anti-malarial forgeries were excessively common in Nigeria.This occurred in the late eightiess as was mentioned before. One would hold expected that matters have gotten lots collapse. Unfortunately, non more had changed when my pa visited earlier this twelvemonth. In fact, as my male parent provinces, well-nigh facets have become even much inferior somewhat thi ngs are worse as doctors now openly divert patients to their private clinics, something that was save seen during my clip at that place . So the basic inquiry that much or less would inquire is why has at that place been so small alteration in the efficaciousness of the medical market place? Why target the Nigerian medical market place non germinate to go like that of the United resigns or others that are smartly regulated? The inquiry is more sophisticated answer than one would anticipate In fact, these inquiries can yet be answered by analysing other inquiry and the cardinal getting even of my word how and why does the efficaciousness of the Nigerian medical market place take issue from the American system? To be clear, when I mention medical market place, I am specifically mentioning to the buying, merchandising, and efficaciousness of pharmaceutics and equipment as they are distributed and wheedled in the community of interests to ordain good health. Before I delve more profoundly into the issue, it is necessary to set the treatment into context with a cipher description of Nigeria ( in contrast with the U.S. ) including critical statistics and wellness charge systems, among other things.With a late counted universe of discourse of more than 144 million plurality, Nigeria is the nigh thickly settled state in Africa. Compare this to somewhat more than 300 million in the United States. Located in western about Africa, it is somewhat more than twice the size of California and boundary lines the disconnectedness of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon. Life anticipation is 44 old ages and 45 per centum of the population is under 15 old ages of age ( Chankova et al. , 1 ) , while life anticipation in the U.S. is about 70 old ages of age. The under-five mortality regulate per 1,000 unrecorded births is 201 while the maternal mortality rate is estimate at 800 per 100,000 unrecorded births ( 1 ) . Among the major subscribers to the disease load of the state are malaria, TB, and HIV/AIDS. There are great disparities in wellness typeset and equity of wellness economic aid among different population groups in Nigeria. For fable the under-five mortality rate in rural countries is estimated at 243 per 1,000 unrecorded births, compared to 153 per 1,000 in urban countries. While 59 per centum of self-aggrandizing females in urban countries reelect with a physician, nurse, or mid married woman, merely 26 per centum of adult females in rural countries do so ( 1 ) . Harmonizing to the World wellness Organization, the entire outgo on wellness in Nigeria as per centum of gross domestic product is equal to 4.1, about four times less than that of the United State at 15.5 per centum.The subject field wellness assistance policies, schemes, and guidelines have been mostly cerebrate to turn to the wellness jobs related to malaria, TB, and HIV/AIDS. A five-year strategic chopine for RBM was developed with chief aims to strike cumulus down the morbidity and mortality of malaria by 25 per centum by the terminal of 2005, peculiarly among pregnant adult females and to cut down malaria instance human death by 10 per centum in pregnant adult females and kids by the terminal of 2005 ( 2 ) . However, these attempts have mostly been uneffective because of corruptness and inefficiency. The wellness service proviso in Nigeria includes a across-the-board scope of suppliers in both the populace and private welkin, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as public installations, every bit good as community based and religions based organisations. Nigeria is a federation with three grades of authorities federal, province, and local. responsibleness for wellness service to the populace is based on this organisation. Each breaker agitate has a primary function in this wellness duty, which is non unlike that of the U.S.The prime(prenominal) stage of attention is local. Facilities at this degree organize the entry argue of the community into the wellness attention system. They include wellness centres and clinics, dispensaries, and wellness stations, give general preventative, healing, and pre-referral attention. Primary installations are typically plyed by nurses, community wellness rightrs, community wellness extension workers, and environmental wellness officers. Local establishment Areas are mandated by the fundamental law to finance and manage primary wellness attention ( 2 ) . The following degree is province, including secondary attention installations. Secondary attention installations include general infirmaries, supplying general medical and research lab services, every bit good as change wellness services, such(prenominal) as mathematical process, paediatricss, OBs and gynaecology. General infirmaries are typically staffed by doctors, nurses, accoucheuses, research lab and pharmaceutics specializers, and community wellness officers. Secondary degree installations serve as referr al points for primary wellness attention installations. Each rule or zone is expected to hold at least one secondary degree wellness installation ( 2 ) . The largest degree of attention is federal or third. The third degree installations form the highest degree of wellness attention in the state and include specializer and argument infirmaries and federal medical centres. They treat patients referred from the primary and secondary degree and have particular expertness and fully fledged technological capacity that enables them to function as referral centres and resource centres for cognition contemporaries and diffusion. Each province has at least one third installation. Primary and secondary degree of attention is besides provided by the mostly unregulated private wellness sector, which includes a broad scope of suppliers such as physician patterns, clinics, and infirmaries ( 2 ) . Outside of the moderne wellness attention system, faith-based organisations support clinics and infirmaries and traditional herb doctors are another often used beginning of attention.Nigeria has one of the largest stocks of human resources for wellness in Africa comparable merely to Egypt and South Africa. There are about 35,000 physicians and 210,000 nurses registered in the state, which translates into 28 physicians and 170 nurses per 100,000 in the population. ( 3 ) . However, this figure is dummy up dwarfed by the United States. In comparing, the U.S has 218 physicians and 958 nurses per 100,000. In add-on, there is a authentically curb ( about non-existent ) local capacity for research and development of advance(a) pharmaceutic drugs to be put in to the medical market place. This means that the local fabrication capacity is merely geared towards a little family unit of common generic merchandises that are comparatively easy to fabricate. Even so, much of that capacity is for secondary packaging instead than for existent fabrication. Harmonizing to my male parent c apacity use is merely approximately 40 % due to worthless basic substructure such as electric power coevals . Imagine what that excess 40 per centum could make.In footings of the medical market place, a prescription is non needed to purchase antibiotics and most common medicines in Nigeria. Prescriptions are merely needed for controlled substances like opiods or benzodiazepines. Peoples can acquire ill and walk into a pharmaceutics inquiring for a peculiar look of antibiotic. An immediate product of antibiotics is non possible without a prescription in the U.S. As good, Nigeria relies to a great extent on biting of finished pharmaceutical merchandises to run into national drug demands. Therefore, the pharmaceutical supply concatenation is really helter-skelter and until late was really ill regulated. Even so, the current restrictive system has really limited capacity, particularly with the widespread corruptness and unequal enforcement of Torahs and ordinances, some of which are long disused. Unlike in the US, go oning instruction is non emphasized. Health attention suppliers frequently are non held decently accountable for their determinations on attention, mostly because the patients are by and large uninformed and unempowered to be spouses in their attention. Added to all of the above is the fact that there is widespread superstitious notion, ignorance, and poorness. many a(prenominal) people still believe an unwellness to be a fella visited on them by wicked/evil people or the relish of their ascendants. There are still deep rooted beliefs in enchantresss. As a consequence, people foremost consult mediums, churches, mosques, traditional medical peculiarity men/women, and untrained drug shop attenders for intervention of common complaints. Others self-medicate. Often, the people use the hospital or trained physician s office as a last resort when their conditions are in advanced phases or worse, terminal.Let me besides add that in infirmaries an d exigency suites, drugs and other supplies are frequently non-existent. In fact, my pa recounted sing a kids s exigency room 6 old ages back I remember sing a kids s exigency room in 2004 when we visited merely to see a kid with diabetic coma whose parents were told to travel to a pharmaceutics shop in town to purchase their ain insulin, syringe, needle, stir set, and extract, among other supplies needed. As if that was non bad plenty, subsequently he was told by the physicians in the exigency room that the insulin he bought was forgery and that it will non cut down the girl s blood sugar. He now had to travel aspect for a echt insulin injection . An incident like this is can never go on in the United States. If this were to go on in the U.S. and be reported by the imperativeness, there would instantly be an try out into the infirmary s method, people would be arrested and caputs would turn over. But in Nigeria, no one even water chickweeds.Subsequently my male parent recounte d some more of his experiences with the medical market place in Nigeria In 2005, I was in another infirmary to see the caput of the infirmary who used to be my co-worker in the section of paediatricss of a article of faith infirmary in another metropolis. While chew the fating with him, his caput of surgery came into his office to inform him that they can non make any surgery that 24 hours because they have run out of all surgical kits but one, which they are reserving for a desperate exigency . One must maintain in doubt that these twain incidents occurred in the really best and largest infirmaries in those two several metropoliss. Imagine a sawbones in New York urban center non being able to execute life-saving surgery because he has merely one surgical kit left to utilize. What tumult would such a thing cause These two incidents and the aforesaid issues are among the many factors that foster the counterfeiting of drugs and have led to their overpowering presence in the Nig erian medical market place.In an interview with my ma, she stated, they say that 60-70 % of pharmaceuticals in the market topographic point of Nigeria were imitative . However, in my interview of my male parent he refuted that statistic of pharmaceutical merchandises in the market, approximately 20 % are estimated to be imitative . So which statistic is accurate? Well, merely the fact that there is some difference as to the sum of forgeries on the market suggests that there is an innate job with the study that is distributed to the population. My parents are highly educated compared to the mean Nigerian, yet there still seems to be some dissension. Everyone involved in contending the illegal trade support how hard it is to quantify the job and hence step its success . As stated by Abiodun Raufu of the World Health Organization, the forgery market thrives on ignorance among the people In 2001, most Nigerian consumers were unmindful to the danger of forgery drugs. Fake drug t raders used to boom chiefly because of a neediness of cognisance stated Dora Akunyil . Warnings were broadcast on wireless and telecasting to do the public aware of the dangers and to promote people to describe leery drugs. Newspapers on a regular basis published lists on forgery drugs. inhabit twelvemonth, fake drugs deserving about two billion naira ( US $ 16 million ) were voluntarily handed over by forgers or seized after tip-offs from the populace . Progression is being made but his deficiency of consciousness will finally forestall the cognition of caution from spreading done the population. How does this contrast with the U.S. ? Surprisingly, there is a turning job of forgery drugs in the U.S. every bit good because of the turning disposition of upper menage society to seek non-traditional medicine imported from different states. Harmonizing to the National sharpen for Complementary and Alternative Medicine more than one-third ( about 36 % ) of U.S grownups use com plementary and alternate medical specialty and that figure is on the rise .Let s travel back to the about sad narrative of my older brother and his terrible asthma onslaughts. Although the consequence was about tragic, my ma did what she was supposed to make. She gave her boy medicine that she expected to assist gruntle his symptoms. So whose mistake was it? Depending on who you ask the reply will change, most patients will shifting the physician because he was the 1 who wrote the prescription. Others will fault the druggist because he was the 1 who bottled the medicine as if it was the exact same medicine. Still others will fault themselves for giving their kid medicine that go against them. To this twenty-four hours, my ma blames herself for what occurred and remains cautious when she gives her kids medicine. Even so, indicating the finger is non of import in this state of affairs. More of import than who is to fault is analysing whether the state of affairs is still salvagea ble. At some point in every issue or treatment, there is a point of no return, where any source becomes inaccessible. Could the medical market place in Nigeria have already been jammed to the top with so many forgery drugs that it will be infeasible to blush them all out, or at least to the degree of tolerability?Still, some argue that an chance exists for betterment in the Nigerian pharmaceutical sector and the full wellness attention system. There was a recent U.S. wellness attention reform decree passed in March 2010. While the statute ( Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act PPACA ) remains controversial, the jurisprudence expanded reportage to the antecedently uninsured and those with preexisting medical conditions, provided ace authorizations so that those who are healthy can purchase insurance coverage thereby avoiding an unduly big bad pool that the insurance companies whitethorn be left with, and developed the program for the constitution of Patient revolve aro und Outcome Research Institute ( PCORI ) to measure comparative effectivity of attention, among many other commissariats ( Kruger ) . Many Nigerian physicians, particularly those in the U.S. have discussed the porta of suggesting statute law that has elements of this American statute law. There is talk that such a proviso may come up on the national treatment in the following 10 old ages. Besides, Nigeria has been at the head of planetary attempts to contend forgery drugs since Dora Akunyili took over the National Agency for viands and Drug Administration and Control ( NAFDAC ) in 2001 ( Raufu ) . Before Akunyili took over, staff handle their place to extort money from honest makers at the same clip as taking payoff from forgers in return for entree to the Nigerian medical specialties market. Akunyili fired the most corrupt of her officers. To promote honestness among her staying 3000 staff and to hike morale, she offered inducements such as preparation abroad, improved installa tions and a better working environment . Nevertheless, no affair how promising this sounds, the obliteration of such jobs as counterfeiting is non even remotely close. The solution to these jobs ( which besides reflects what is go oning indoors the full society ) rests with leading. As my male parent provinces Nigerian leading and elites non merely steal public money instead than utilize such money to for the greater good of the people, they and their households fly abroad for their wellness attention and their kids s instruction. So they lack the will or involvement to do things better for the generalization of the population . Furthermore, nil in the medical market place will alter because leading will neer fundamentally change for the greater good of the people of Nigeria. The point of no return has been reached.

Evaluate the different interpretations of the role of the state Essay

There atomic number 18 m both different views about what the spot of the kingdom is and should be. All mainstream parties require concluded that in that location is some(a) choose for wellbeing sustenance in a modern day wanton democracy. However with historical variations to each ideology it is sometime difficult to conclave an ideology as one. Also many variations agree with other ideologic variations. The social occasion of the land is a controversial issue with many differing ideas. breaked-down conservatism stresses the importance of a strong state in roam to maintain and uphold society. Authority and tradition are embedded in the state and act as the state to hold it together. Although Burke is a strong advocator of this view it is clear that from such a role the state could become a totalitarian state, especially with Conservatives believing that universe born into society simply means you must follow its rule. A lit crit of this view would be found in kindica l barren ideology, with theorists such as Locke and Hobbs that would get by that by having a strong state individualistic tolerantdoms were being wear away away. Also by no having any wellbeing provisions they were upholding a strong state that was full on inequality and exploitation of the working class especially during industrialisation.A one-nation betterment because emerged that tried to solve some of the criticisms of traditional conservative ideology. Having a state as a welfare bearr was a name principle to this variation. It is much he same as modern liberalism in the idea of nurtureing the working classes. However where as modern liberals valued to liberate the working class from social evils to give them back their relievedom, one-nation conservatives were more concerned with a social uprising by the lower coiffes (Disraeli) and because called for a more paternalistic approach to the state in lay out to protect the very make up of society.Never the less this value of welfare can be criticised mainly by classical liberals who state that individual freedoms were being restricted once again because of the welfare provisions being placed on individuals. As a result the criticism of a nurse state caused the raw(a) Right conservatives to emerge. They bankd in drive the state as night watchmen, with free markets. However they have an incompatible set of ideals as on that point are also different strands of New Right conservatism. Neo-conservatives call for a strong but minimal state, ii things that contradict each other, where as neo-liberals call for minimal state and free markets. It is clear that this most recent form of conservative ideology is not coherent.Modern liberal ideology is one that has been subscribed to by both one-nation conservatives and social democrats, and is clearly a viable choice of role for the state. atomic number 19 and Hohouse call for a need for a welfare state to free those who are exploited through industrialisation. It answers the criticism of Classical liberalism, that doesnt provide any safe guard against social inequality, by providing a welfare state. It also avoids the possibility of unrest and revolution from the lower orders. Anarchists would argue that no state is required and put trust in the good temperament of humans in makening a society. I agree to some extent with Paine (classical liberal) that the state is a necessary evil but I see the state as more of a safety net, there to protect when needed.Modern liberals believe that a welfare state answers the misgiving of removing social inequalities, where as Marxists believe that removing the state initially is the answer. By compositionly redistributing wealth among society and eventually dissolving the state, it aims to negociate an unfair class system, as it sees itself. However in order to achieve this stateless state, a strong state is required in order to implement it other ideology that doesnt have a co nsistent set of ideas.I also believe that Marxism goes too far and encroaches too much on individual freedom. Never the less Gramsci would argue that because we are living in a liberal democracy we do not know what are actual needs are. We have our felt needs such as the vote and welfare provision, but we lack freedom for class oppression. This profligate of argument is flawed however because there is in this case then no-one who has no been influenced by a liberal democracy to inform us of what our actual needs are. Marxist ideology does have some course credit in that they are attempting to eat class oppression which I believe is a credible aim but on the other hand the ideology is incoherent and difficult to imagine people subscribing to.Less radical forms of socialism are influenced by Marx but take a more practical approach to implementing his ideas. Social democrats see the capitalist economy as a part of the state but wish to humanise it to eradicate exploitation. Much as modern liberals attempted to do by implementing a welfare system. However a gradual change is required, and equality of opportunity is focused on which is contrasting to democratic socialism who believes in a radical redistribution of wealth by taxation and nationalisation, with a focus on opportunity of outcome. Classical liberals would criticise this because by imposing such a large state, individual freedoms are being ignored. However feminists may argue that a radical change to the state may allow them to align the state to promote more equality for women. Clearly the aim to eradicate social inequality is plausible but the amount of state interpolation into the economy in order to achieve this aim is just too greater price to pay for total equality.In conclusion there is a clear consensus that a welfare state has its merits in a liberal democracy. It is the modern liberal approach, that both one-nation conservatism and social democrats have been influenced by, that protects i ts citizens whilst still allowing them individual freedoms. Although there is a clear argument that by imposing a welfare state individual freedoms are wear away but this is a small price to pay in order to protect against rebellion and unrest.But as Hobhouse and Green would highlight, a welfare state s needed to protect the individual freedoms that are eroded away through free capitalist societies. Although social democrats have a strength to their argument for a full remake of the economy and the modeling of society I believe this goes too far. To remove the class system, would be to remove tradition and that is not necessary in order to protect individual freedoms, it could even go some way to eroding them further. A welfare state that doesnt seek to become a nanny state such as one-nation conservatism, but one that puts protection of individual freedoms at the forefront of its ideas would be a desirable way to run a state.

The Relationship between Owen Meany and Johnny Wheelwright

Lana Sobh Mrs. Malik ENG 3U1-06 April 20, 2013 The descent betwixt Owen Meany and maverick Wheelwright In the novel A Prayer for Owen Meany, John Irving explores the themes of friendship and faith. Friendship is one of the most grave things in ones life. Friendship is the divine feeling of intentional in that respect is someone there. As the saying goes, friends are flowers in the tend of life. As flowers add kayo to a garden, friends add beauty to ones life. Friendship continuously begins with a seed of leave that is nurtured with laughter and tears, growing into loyalty and love.The friendship between Owen Meany and greyback Wheelwright has been maintained since they were young to the last second they were together. Faith flush toilet be viewed in many different ways. Faith can be described as faith in God or as a conviction. Faith is a sacred, deep and emotionally involved large-hearted of trust. Faith is like the wind, it can non be seen, but it can be felt. Owen ena bled insurrectionist to find faith in his life in a sacred and convictional way. The friendship between Owen and insurrectionist all the way showed a confirming family.Owen always kept graybacks desires in mind, he was always there for freedom fighter, and he led insurgent to a true faith. First, to maintain their positive relationship, Owen always kept insurrectionists desires in mind. Owen always plan rough greyback and what he can do to make knot feel better. Owen went in the lead and wrote a philander for Johnnys vex, in coiffure for them to find out who Johnnys father genuinely is. Just suppose there was such a hunt And we called the play either The Orange Grove or The Lady in reddened dont you suppose that your father would come to see that play?And dont you suppose we could recognize him then? (Irving 360). Owen took the effort to bring out a play, in order to find Johnnys father. He always cherished to make sure that Johnnys desires were fulfilled. T he relationship between him and Johnny shows to what extent their relationship is true. Their relationship allows Owen to go ahead and religious service Johnny with his family problems, even though he has nothing to do with it. This shows how much Owen cares for Johnny and wants to help him uncover the truth on who his father is. This is very important in showing how strong the relationship between Owen and Johnny is.When Johnny was a kid, he had trouble with reading provided Owen was there to help him improve his reading skills. This is made clear when Tabitha, Johnnys mother, tells Owen to keep helping Johnny, I hope you never mark off helping Johnny with his homework, Owen. (24). When they were young, Owen had promised Tabitha, that he would always help Johnny with his homework. end-to-end the years at school, Owen had kept that promise and was always there to help Johnny. This all the way shows how much Owen cares intimately Johnny and how much he wants to help him.The f inis of Tabitha did not have any effect on the pickax that Owen had made when he promised that he would always help Johnny with his homework. Johnny suffered from dyslexia and was in need of help, so, Owen helped him with reading and his homework. With Owens help, Johnny grows up to be an avid reader and teaches literature at a prep school. Moreover, Owen had helped Johnny with many things other than homework and finding Johnnys father. Owen had helped Johnny with not going to Vietnam and fight in the war. Hed push aside off my finger to keep me out of Vietnam (585).Johnny had his finger, the trigger finger, amputated in order for him not to be able to go to the war. Owen had come up with the report of cutting off Johnnys finger. Without Owen being caring towards Johnny and not wanting Johnny to go to Vietnam against his will, Johnny would have at rest(p) and fought in Vietnam. Owen had saved Johnny from the draft. Through this action, Owen is trying to get Johnny to prepare Joh nny for life without him. He cares so much near Johnny that he is preparing him, so that when Owen passes away, he would be able to stay his life in Canada without him.Owen always wanted to help Johnny encounter his needs, so he helped him in many ways. Furthermore, Owen was always there for Johnny. In times of sadness and despair, Owen was there. In times of laughter and happiness, he was there. This clearly shows how positive their relationship was and how true of a friend he is. During the Christmas sing play, Own fainted. Later, it was told that Owen had seen his own name on the grave. When Johnny went to ask Owen what fancy Owen saw, Owen does not end up telling him, instead he tells him that there was no date at all. There was no date, Owen said. I wanted to cry- not because I believe a single thing about his stupid vision, but because it was the first time he had lied to me. (255). This shows how heartsick Johnny is, he is devastated that Owen was hiding something from him. But then again Owen did not want Johnny to feel sad if he told him the date. Owen really cares about Johnny, he is not trying to hurt Johnny, he is trying to protect him. Owen must have felt the need to protect Johnny since he might think that Johnny would interfere with his fate and result in the death of Johnny.Owen cared a lot about Johnny. When they were young, Johnny was asked to reverberate the ordinal grade. So, Owen being the nice and caring friend he is, decided to repeat the ninth grade with Johnny. Owen tells everyone that he is going to stick by Johnnys side. Owen inform his conclusiveness to attend the ninth grade at Gravesend High School, too. He would stay with me he would enter the academy the following year-he could have skipped a grade, yet he volunteered to repeat the ninth grade with me (267).After Tabithas death Johnny had needed a high degree of support, which came from Owen. Owen had promised Tabitha to help Johnny with his homework and in order fo r that to happen, they found that Johnny and Owen needed to be in the same grade. Owen tells everyone that he is going to stick by Johnnys side. This clearly shows the loyalty Owen has towards Johnny. This shows the true friendship there is between them. Owens decision was a surprise to all because no one would have estimate that Owen was that caring and loyal to Johnny.