Free Essays on Humanism In Antigone And Art

As indicated by the word reference humanism is an arrangement of believed that focuses on people and their qualities, limits, and worth. Identifying with this definition, Ancient Greece and their kin demonstrated they could communicate humanism for the duration of their lives, particularly in craftsmanship. Extraordinary bits of workmanship, such a models, artistic creations, paintings and even the composed craftsmanship keep on embodying humanism, even today, on occasion when Greek craftsmanship is as yet valued and keep on being a riddle. This is the reason individuals of all ages, race, and thought keep on visiting shows and exhibition halls to be captivated by this puzzle of humanism. In the play of Antigone, Antigone is a little youngster who is happy to chance her life so as to give her sibling an appropriate entombment. She is a lady of energy who is â€Å"in love† with adoration and, as it were, demise. In the first stasimon of Antigone she gives an incredible discourse to her sister. She discloses to her sister and crowd of the despondency and agony their dad left for them. She whines Zeus won't help each agony and sadness that they have experienced. Her and her family has just experienced so much torment and now this unwritten law by Creon is declared. She feels as though there is no motivation to be alive. She’s experienced so a lot and now even her own sibling can't have a legitimate internment. Antigone communicates how she feels, not even her stepfather doesn't regard her estimation of life and family. She sees her self-esteem is did not make any difference anymore. Why wouldn’t she endeavor this hazardous activity? She is a human an d feels love for her sibling. Love makes people do insane, unexplainable things. She is prepared and ready to acknowledge demise so as to follow what her heart needs. Humanism at it’s best. History specialists all through time have and proceed to decipher and look at antiquated Greek workmanship. One specific subject examined in the Greek pictures of the Gods. For instance, the figure of the Head of Zeus talked about in the talk. The figure is an exceptionally point by point... Free Essays on Humanism In Antigone And Art Free Essays on Humanism In Antigone And Art As per the word reference humanism is an arrangement of believed that focuses on people and their qualities, limits, and worth. Identifying with this definition, Ancient Greece and their kin demonstrated they could communicate humanism for the duration of their lives, particularly in workmanship. Extraordinary bits of craftsmanship, such a figures, works of art, wall paintings and even the composed workmanship keep on embodying humanism, even today, now and again when Greek workmanship is as yet valued and keep on being a riddle. This is the reason individuals of all ages, race, and thought keep on visiting shows and exhibition halls to be interested by this puzzle of humanism. In the play of Antigone, Antigone is a little youngster who is eager to chance her life so as to give her sibling a legitimate entombment. She is a lady of energy who is â€Å"in love† with affection and, as it were, demise. In the first stasimon of Antigone she gives an extraordinary discourse to her sister. She discloses to her sister and crowd of the sorrow and agony their dad left for them. She whines Zeus won't help each torment and anguish that they have experienced. Her and her family has just experienced so much agony and now this unwritten law by Creon is reported. She feels as though there is no motivation to be alive. She’s experienced so a lot and now even her own sibling can't have a legitimate internment. Antigone communicates how she feels, not even her stepfather doesn't regard her estimation of life and family. She sees her self-esteem is did not make any difference anymore. Why wouldn’t she endeavor this dangerous activity? She is a human and fe els love for her sibling. Love makes people do insane, unexplainable things. She is prepared and ready to acknowledge passing so as to follow what her heart needs. Humanism at it’s best. Antiquarians all through time have and proceed to decipher and inspect old Greek craftsmanship. One specific subject examined in the Greek pictures of the Gods. For instance, the figure of the Head of Zeus talked about in the talk. The figure is a point by point...

compare and contrast the cultures of the uk and your own country

thoroughly analyze the way of life of the uk and your own nation Thoroughly analyze the way of life of the UK and your own nation It is basic that each nation ought to elevate residents to ensure their societies and personalities. This is on the grounds that acknowledgment of a countries human progress is critical. Each nation has an alternate culture in light of national contrasts and history. Culture can be characterized as the qualities, convictions and view of a gathering of individuals. History, custom and religion are the fundamental effects on culture. Despite the fact that there are a few examinations between the way of life of Saudi Arabia and the UK, there are a considerably more noteworthy number of contrasts. This exposition will break down a portion of the primary parts of the way of life, for example, individuals, business, game, food and utilization of the web. Most definitely, in the two nations most of individuals will in general be well disposed and accommodating. In the University of Glamorgan it has been seen that all the school personnel do as well as can be expected to support their understudies, as was found in past staff at a college in Saudi Arabia. One of the great societies of British individuals is that they will in general grin at bystanders. This is likewise one of the significant attributes of Saudi Arabian culture, mostly in light of Islam. Nonetheless, one of the significant contrasts is that in the UK kids don't regard more seasoned ages. This is probably going to be a direct result of their childhood, where guardians didn't show them regard. (Vexen, 2004) notwithstanding childhood, the media assumes a persuasive job by celebrating renowned individuals who carry on improperly. The complexity is that in Saudi Arabia youngsters must be conscious of more seasoned ages. This is a direct result of strict reasons and a decent c hildhood from their folks. It is significant that individuals in the UK address the manner in which they bring up their youngsters. According to business, the comparability between Saudi Arabian and UK organizations is that their destinations are to develop their deals universally. Accordingly, business exchange is progressively pervasive between Saudi Arabia and the UK. In spite of this comparability, misconception culture can detrimentally affect business relations. This was shown where, as per â€Å"an Accenture study, 66% of 200 US business officials said that miscommunication emerging from social contrasts has caused issues while redistributing offshore.† (Silicon.com, 2006) This investigation shows a case of a potential effect of not seeing every others societies in business and exchange. With respect to, individuals in Saudi Arabia will in general play football, as do individuals in the UK. There are numerous delightful arenas in the UK, for example, the new Cardiff arena, and the equivalent was found in Saudi Arabia for instance King Fahad arena in Riyadh. Most of the people watching football in the two nations additionally will in general be keen on playing football. Be that as it may, it isn't took into consideration ladies in Saudi Arabia to play football for strict reasons. In the mean time, in the UK, England is extraordinary compared to other womens groups on the planet. (Ezine Articles, 2007) Although right now there are no ladies playing football in Saudi Arabia, it is likely they will do later on with explicit conditions. As far as food, most of individuals in the two nations will in general eat cheap food. This is on the grounds that life is getting quicker and busier, which means individuals possess less energy for cooking. For instance, individuals go to McDonalds and KFC to have a speedy lunch in both Saudi Arabia and the UK. One of the significant impacts is globalization. The fundamental difference is that Halal meat is significant in Saudi Arabia for strict reasons, while any meat can be eaten in the UK. Halal meat is slaughtered in an altruistic manner, and the UK could receive eating Halal meat to be progressively aware to creatures. (Official Planet, 2007) Concerning utilization of the web there is an extraordinary interest in the two nations. This is on the grounds that the web is fundamental for present day life, covering all needs. Specifically the web makes the world into a worldwide town through simple and quick correspondences. Be that as it may, there is a reasonable differentiation between utilizing the web in the UK and in Saudi Arabia. This is on the grounds that the media in the UK is practically liberated from limitations however in Saudi Arabia the media is leveled out of the legislature. For instance, as indicated by Alfred Hermidas article, research from the Harvard Law School found that 2,000 sites were obstructed by the Saudi government. Alfred Hermida composes that â€Å"Most of the boycotted destinations were explicitly express or about religion. Yet additionally trapped in the net were destinations about ladies, wellbeing, medications and pop culture.† (BBC, 2002). The explanation sites about ladies, for exam ple, iVillage, were blocked was for social and strict reasons. It isn't permitted in Islam to portray the assemblages of ladies when all is said in done. All things considered, the sites contained swearing which is likewise illegal. Sites about medications will have been sifted in light of the fact that the utilization of medications is disallowed by the law of Islam. Locales containing mainstream society are probably going to be confined in light of the fact that they can prompt extra conjugal relations as indicated by Islam. This is accepted to happen in light of the fact that for the most part youngsters will be affected by the individuals in the substance. In the UK it has been seen that web clients are allowed to utilize practically any site they wish. A few sites are risky for youngsters, specifically explicit sites, and it is sensible for guardians and governments to control them, to ensure our kids. Taking everything into account, despite the fact that there are some away from between the way of life of the two nations, there are likewise numerous distinctions. These distinctions are generally a direct result of religion and history. Later on all things considered, the connection between the way of life will change. It is entirely likely that later on ladies in Saudi Arabia will battle for progressively human rights, like those ladies in the UK appreciate. Besides, later on we will without a doubt discover progressively Arabic eateries in the UK. These progressions will be most presumably impacted by the web, hey tech and movement between Saudi Arabia and the UK. One of the most important suggestions is that on the off chance that we regard every others societies we will live in a perfect network. My desire is that each resident in Saudi Arabia and the UK will live in a palatable manner. References BBC (2002) Saudis square 2,000 sites. Accessible from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hello there/innovation/2153312.stm [accessed 18 August 2009] Official Planet (2007) Your manual for Saudi Arabia. Accessible from: http://www.executiveplanet.com/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia [accessed 20 August 2009] Ezine Aticles (2007) Englands Womens footballers twelfth Best In The World? Accessible from: http://ezinearticles.com/?Englands-Womens-Footballers12th-Best-In-The-World?id=565503 [accessed 18 August 2009] Silicon.com (2006) Cultural contrasts cause offshoring issues. 66% of executives state its the fundamental explanation bargains run into inconvenience Available from: http://services.silicon.com/offshoring/0,3800004877,39160348,00.htm [accessed 23 August 2009] Vexen (2004) An investigation of UK refuse culture. Accessible from: http://www.vexen.co.uk/UK/trashculture.html [accessed 22 August 2009]

The Changing Pronunciation of Leisure

The Changing Pronunciation of Leisure The Changing Pronunciation of Leisure The Changing Pronunciation of Leisure By Maeve Maddox At the point when I was around ten years of age, my auntie gave me a membership to a Disney comic. I recollect one issue in which Donald Duck and his nephews had a fortune map. Caught saying that he was looking for covered fortune, Donald attempted to hoodwink the lowlife whod heard him by asserting that what hed truly said was looking for rushed recreation. That was in the Fifties. When the recreation suit furor struck in the Seventies, relatively few Americans were articulating relaxation to rhyme with measure. Then again, I dont know about any individual who articulates covered to rhyme with rushed. Here are the present American ways to express these words: covered [bä•räd] rushed [hã »rä] treasure [trä•zhé™r] relaxation [läzhé™r] albeit a few people despite everything state [lä•zhé™r] What articulation changes have you seen since your were a youngster? Here are a few citations from papers that outline the utilization of this word: travel organization sells weeklong, little gathering excursions to Costa Rica, Morocco and Nicaragua. The excursions are part recreation, part administration: schedules incorporate somewhere in the range of two and three days of noble cause work, in a joint effort with a nearby (www.nytimes.com) A Tuscan excursion gives explorers a possibility for a urban experience with visits to the craftsmanship exhibition halls of Florence, the design of Pisa and the customs of Siena. Tuscany likewise is a goal for a restful outing that wanders through the open country, stops at wineries for tastings or takes a relaxation break in a spa town. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsDisappointed + PrepositionCharles' Pen and Jesus' Name

Frame the Case JohnsonJohnson and Dow Corning

Edge the Case JohnsonJohnson and Dow Corning The two organizations Johnson and Dow Corning were confined specific issues which helped the settle on a choice in their cases. Be that as it may, those casings likewise assumed the adequacy of the choice in cases viable. The decision of the devices for taking care of the issue and the vision of the issue are successful angles which are to be thought of while making a decision.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Frame the Case: JohnsonJohnson and Dow Corning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Looking at the cases viable, it ought to be expressed that the distinction in the result of the governmental issues held by Johnson and Dow Corning was brought about by the casings which were utilized as windows and instruments. The fundamental thought of the Johnson Johnson’s Code of Ethics is to ensure that the clients are fulfilled and the items don't hurt their wellbeing. Also, there are a ton of different things which ensure that the edges have bee n effectively picked. In this manner, applying to the human asset outlines, political casings and emblematic edges, Jonson figured out how to stay fruitful and saved its positive picture. The company’s measures depended on the jobs, approaches, needs and connections of the association towards its clients. Numerous other moral perspectives assumed their job. Simultaneously, the disappointment of the Dow Corning organization might be clarified by the reference just to the political edges. The organization was disturbed for the contentions which may show up and needed to forestall those by methods for shutting the production lines and declining from the assembling. In this way, it might be reasoned that the selection of casings, both the windows and as apparatuses, assumes an extraordinary job in thinking about the picture of the organization and its psychological guide. Staying upon the distinctions in moral positions of the Johnson and Dow Corning, the Code of Ethics just as t he objectives of the organizations ought to be thought of. Johnson is the organization which takes care for its clients and for their wellbeing. Just the extraordinary consideration for the customers and the assurance of their fulfillment may make the effective business for the organization. Johnson manages various items and spreads numerous specialties at the world market. The issues and the shade of one specific item may cause the organization disappointment if effective promoting of different items. Dow Corning is the organization which creates just a single sort of the items and they accepted that the contentions they had were sufficient. The absence of enthusiasm for the organization picture might be clarified by the incredible assuredness of the organization chiefs in the powerlessness of the organization disappointment or the way that the issue can't be demonstrated. The inability to join the organization picture and the motivations behind the assembling has lead to the way t hat others got intrigued by the disappointment. Searching for the issues, the data was found. In this way, it might be inferred that the organization has lost the entire assembling simply because they would not like to lose some income.Advertising Looking for report on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The misfortune if there should be an occurrence of tolerating the disappointment and withdrawal of the disappointment item could be not exactly the conclusion of the entire assembling. The legislative issues and the edges picked by Johnson were aimed at the advantage of clients with the reference to the individual benefit, while Dow Corning was aimed at the individual benefit with making the interests of the clients the auxiliary concern.

China’s 1998 Summer Flood Disaster on the Tangtze

Jethro LeRoy Gibbs Ms. Shepherd Honors English 10 24 March 2013 Mighty Hell from the Yangtze China’s 1998 summer floods murdered a large number of individuals, influenced billions of individuals over the globe, left millions destitute, obliterated or harmed a huge number of homes, influenced millions sections of land of land, and slaughtered billions of dollars in their monetary status.One tragic factor that assumed an enormous job in the reinforcing of the mid year floods that China confronted and endured was human disregard (â€Å"Bad Planning†). Notwithstanding, one of the numerous huge components that are exceptionally essential in flood control is the world’s biggest force station (â€Å"Three Gorges†) otherwise called the Three Gorges Dam. Without the Three Gorges Dam capacity of controlling the stream floods, each late spring represents an extraordinary danger to the individuals who abide close to the Yangtze and its tributaries.But in spite of the confusions worried with the yearly waterway floods, the Yangtze assumed a huge job in setting up many exchange courses for a long time (Wakeman 492). Notwithstanding, since the early day break of human progress, the Yangtze River demonstrated to contain a portion of the lethal summer floods that China will ever understanding. The Yangtze is normally situated in the Eastern Lowlands, which additionally contains the greater part of China’s best farmland.In 1998, an assortment of surges of the Yangtze River brought about by deforestation, overpopulation, area, and inability to learn past missteps all brought about a high number of passings, a large number of vagrants, hazardous water borne maladies, and the testimonial in the modern and horticultural status; in any case, the guide and backing of China’s government, the United Nations, China’s armed force and military, and the unification inside the individuals of China in the long run welcomed a superior acknowledg ment on how the reiteration of its mid year floods could have been maintained a strategic distance from in the first place.In different words, the tumult and testimonial that was suffered by the numerous that were influenced by China’s redundancy of its assortment of summer floods made the administration, United Nations and supporting nations, armed force and the military, and the individuals a lot more grounded than previously, helping China to address its past errors so as to forestall further difficulty socially and financially. One urgent certainty that one must watched was that the various human blunders that happened before the year 1998 and the inability to address them participated in the mid year flood disaster.Deforestation was the primary conspicuous human mistake, particularly and explicitly in the Eastern Lowlands where the valley of the Yangtze River was topographically found (Wakeman 492). Deforestation brought numerous ecological issues which helped the late s pring surges of the Yangtze to build its size and the danger of harm (Lang). This occurred because of soil disintegration (Lang) and the expulsion of top soil (Gittings) which came about because of the absence of trees (Lang). Another natural issue was the absence of firm top soil because of the absence of trees which can make water run-off, particularly close to a waterway (Gittings).The main concern was that deforestation made the rich top soil vanish or scatter making water run-off which consequently urged floods to build its harm abilities (Lang). The developing populace of China additionally adds to the deforestation of China since individuals required land to live on. The second significant human blunder was overpopulation. Overpopulation in urban communities or territories inclined to fatal catastrophic events is bound to bring about higher number of passings and causalities (Gittings). More individuals mean a more popularity in food, land, and yields (Gittings) which aided c aused deforestation in numerous regions along the Yangtze.The third significant human blunder was the area where they manufactured their immense urban areas and homes. Where there is a waterway, there is the potential hazard or danger of a stream flood. All through the late spring flood calamity, a huge number of individuals were power to either escape or clear their homes as whole towns were cleared out and crops supported substantial harm (Ansfield). Flooding was constantly a negative factor to numerous urban areas, towns, and enterprises which were manufactured moderately near the Yangtze River in the Eastern Lowlands all through the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth hundreds of years (Wakeman 492).Finally, the fourth significant human blunder was inability to improve after many flood catastrophes before the year 1998. The administration needed more assets to start a total intend to dodge summer flooding’s and fiascos that tails it (Gittings). The legislature needed on target, assets, work, and backing as indicated by this statement during the 1998 summer floods, where numerous Chinese flood casualties responded to an inquiry to who to accuse saying, â€Å"There was not something to be finished. China was excessively poor. China has such a large number of people† (Gittings).Thus, numerous casualties upheld for development yet fizzled in light of the fact that political force and complete social unification with the remainder of the nation was out of their group (Gittings). Most importantly human blunders not just set up the staggering Yangtze summer flood fiasco, yet in addition urged it to occur. There were extreme flood outcomes following China’s summer catastrophe. To begin with, the fiasco adversely affected socially, where frenzy and turmoil guaranteed in a considerable lot of the overflowed roads (Watson).But disarray wasn’t the main thing on overwhelmed avenues. Harms occurred in numerous business organizations, which were either harmed or annihilated by the floods putting thousands jobless (â€Å"YouTube†). As per a video recording the catastrophe, the whole boulevards and significant roadways were totally overwhelmed, just leaving sewage and unsanitary flotsam and jetsam behind (â€Å"YouTube†). The subsequent result was unsanitary drinking water. In any event, flooding as a catastrophic event can mess with the open drinking water making it harder to approach safe water (Watson).People who drink risky water can hazard getting sicknesses and diseases, for example, diarrheal (Watson). This lone put progressively negative focus on the casualties who were endeavoring to endure the fiasco. The third outcome was auxiliary harm complexities. Crumpled or harmed structures can make ruin and add more issues to the image as appeared in a video where it demonstrated rising waters encompassing underneath a harmed connect, brimming with caught survivors who were standing by to be safeguarded (à ¢â‚¬Å"YouTube†).Another case of basic harm was the advancement of numerous barriers and levees along the Yangtze River keeping down substantial rising waters to secure close by urban areas and mechanical focuses (Hutzler). Numerous embankments were set in zones inclined to flooding particularly approach the mechanical focuses and oil fields so as to shield them and shield them from influencing their financial status (Kurtenbach). The condition and quality of the numerous embankments truly was a passing and life circumstance for the administration, yet for the populace as well.Lastly, the fourth outcome was the ascent in medical problems. A model was the extraordinary shortage of safe drinking water. Drinking risky water can build the danger of getting diarrheal ailment which precisely occurred in numerous urban areas influenced by the Yangtze floods (Watson). Likewise, numerous emergency clinics and facilities were harmed, pulverized, or totally lowered submerged which caused a lack in medication and clinical gear for the many flood casualties (Hutzler).As the rising waters influenced millions, negative wellbeing variables, for example, colds, stomach ailments, looseness of the bowels, hepatitis, and ailments conveyed by waterborne parasites all compromised the flood casualties and those close by to which wellbeing Minister Zhang Wenkang himself attempted to caution that these elements were on the ascent (Hutzler). The many flood outcomes drastically carried annihilating harms to China and promptly alarmed the individuals and the legislature that changes and arrangements in its general public was expected to forestall further flood catastrophes.Agricultural, monetary, and modern harms were managed all through the mid year debacle. Truth: â€Å"Flooding across immense territories of China that started in June of 1998 had influenced in excess of 140 million individuals, pulverized 2. 9 million houses and destroyed 9,000,000 hectares of yields by July 15â €  (â€Å"China Moves†). In agribusiness, around 21 million hectares of land were submerged which disturbed effective cultivating and the development of harvests (Harding). The grain creation of 1998 was hard to achieve for the flooding’s cut back somewhere in the range of 11 million tons of summer grain reap (Harding).Also, cotton wheat and rice got hit the most noticeably terrible (Harding). Monetarily, misfortunes were evaluated around 85. 6 billion Yuan. Horticulture and the economy were amazingly connected with one another. For instance, the cotton business was exceptionally influenced by the Yangtze summer floods (Harding). Despite the fact that it despite everything had enough cotton to deliver for the utilization of China, flooding despite everything harmed some cotton handle accordingly driving a diminishing in its cotton trades (Harding). As it were, the decrease of cotton fares and imports extraordinarily harmed its monetary shipping.Thus, horticultural h ad a solid common bond with the economy, a bond where one can get influenced and overwhelmingly sway the other. In any case, that wasn’t the main intricacy, for billions of cash was spent by the administration (â€Å"1998†) to give food, water, and sanctuary to the flood casualties just as going through cash to tidy up and revamp the influenced urban areas and terrains (Ansfield). One model that can be inspected was a statement from the civic chairman of Qiqihar, â€Å"We need around three years to compensate for the overwhelming misfortunes brought about by the floods† (Gittings).When a cataclysmic event hits so unexpectedly, the harms can be so serious and reclamation of anything requires some serious energy and persistence. At last, the floods harmed the business of China. An aggregate of 335 oilfields were lowered submerged or influenced

Free Graduate School Admission Essay Samples

Free Graduate School Admission Essay SamplesIf you are applying for graduate school, there is one thing that can make the difference between getting into a prestigious university and getting passed by. The admissions essay is often the one factor that separates one school from another. Using admissions essay samples is a good way to get your message across without spending a lot of money or time writing it yourself.Graduate school admission essay samples can be found in a variety of places. Whether you are doing your research online or off-campus, you can find some great tips and ideas to use. While there are many different types of essays to choose from, these free college admission essays will help you put your best foot forward and help you make your mark.When you are looking for free school essay samples, there are several things that you should keep in mind. First, make sure you are not writing about yourself or your interests. Many schools prefer your message to stand out by sh owing who you are as a person, rather than by mentioning your interests.You may have a thesis or scholarship announcement that you want to go into depth on. These may be the topics you are looking for in a free essay sample. Often times, essays on your interests or your future plans are ignored by schools, as they are generally seen as very personal.Another tip is to be clear about your own message. It is easy to make an argument, but it is important to show your readers where you stand on an issue. Don't hesitate to write about a problem you may have faced while at school or what you are expecting to happen when you graduate.Some types of admissions essay samples will also tell you that all that is required is a few pages of written work. This is the perfect type of sample for the person who wants to write an essay in a week or who needs to finish their master in a short amount of time. Any college student can complete this type of essay, so take advantage of it.The hardest part of the admissions essay is usually when you need to present your case. It is important to understand that the admissions officer will have several different opinions about you and your application. To make your essay more compelling, you should know your audience before you begin.Admissions is about presenting yourself in a positive light and trying to persuade the reader to think the same way. It is also a good idea to present your essay in a logical order. Using free graduate school admission essay samples will make your writing process easier, and you will be able to get it right the first time.

Evaluation Of The Viability Of The Sukuk - Free Essay Example

This proposal aims to evaluate the current status and the viability of the Islamic financial Securities such as Sukuk as an alternative of the conventional financial securities like Eurobond in the context of the current financial crisis. I will outline the overall aims and objective of the research and discuss the various studies on growth of Islamic finance and decline of conventional finance in the background of the financial crisis. This paper will reflect an overall structure of the whole proposal. SIGNIFICANT FOR THE RESEARCH In the financial global market, the Islamic financial services sector is analysed to be gown at double digit rate(Bley Kuehn, 2005), involving over 200 financial institutions with assets estimated to exceed US$ 200 billion(Al-Dhahiri et al, 2003). Researchers (Hamwi Aylward, 1999) already has recognised that over the last decade, Islamic banking and finance has experienced global growth rates of 10-15 percent per annum, and has been moving into an increasing number of conventional financial systems at such a rapid pace that Islamic financial institutions are present today in over 51 countries (Sole, 2007 pp:1). This research is aimed at investigating the practicability of the Islamic Financial system as an alternative to the traditional financial system especially in the context of the recent financial crisis. The fast growth of Islamic banking and finance raises different important questions: Is the development in Islamic banking and finance a result of the comparative adva ntages of the Islamic banking concept or is it largely attributable to the worldwide Islamic recovery since the late 1960s (Chong Liu, 2007). The fact that Islamic laws forbid paying and receiving interest promote all parties in a financial transaction to share the risk and profit or loss of the project (Qorchi, 2005). In an Islamic contract the output and the quality of the project, ensures a more equitable distribution of wealth (Qorchi, 2005). AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The overall aim of this research is to review and evaluate significant growth of Islamic finance and financial securities as an alternative of the traditional financial system and financial securities which led to the current financial crisis. The objectives of the research can be further identified as: (1). the recognition of the basic concepts of conventional and Islamic financial system. (2). How did studies deal with financial crisis and its effect on the traditional and Islamic banking system. (3). what are the effects of current financial crisis on traditional bond market? (4). How does the Islamic Finance response to the crisis? (5). Is Islamic Securities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Sukukà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ feasible? (6). If Islamic Sukuk is feasible then can it replace the traditional Eurobonds? (7). If it is not feasible then can it co-exist with the traditional Eurobonds? Overview Conventional Financial system Everyone has to contact with the financial system and everyone is very well aware of the financial institution like banks, building securities, and insurance companies, each providing in its own way for every day needs, such as payment facilities through banks, convenient savings and access to home loans from building societies, and car, house, or life insurance. The other financial markets, like the Stock exchange where the securities are bought and sold, are an important market though very few are directly concerned with their activities (Van Harne, 1990). All these financial institutions and markets fit together into a network which comprises the financial system or conventional financial system (Brian, 1992). The conventional financial system based on debt and the fixed rate of interest. The borrower in gaining the high fixed returns may get default as these bonds and corporate securities are not backed by the assets or gold. The burden and all risk are transferred on the is suer. Therefore in try to get high returns and greed of getting more financial share the conventional borrower and mortgage prices went up which result in the drying up the financial market and major companies got default. Islamic Financial System The Islamic financial system makes possible lending, borrowing and investment functions on a risk-sharing basis (Ishaq Mansoor, 2008). Islamic finance is fundamentally different from the conventional finance model as it is based on a profit and loss structure (PLS), which requires that a financial institution invest with a client in order to finance their needs, rather than lending money to the client. Because of the inherent risk involved in an investment, the financial institution is entitled to profit from the financial transaction (IBID). (SBP, 2007). Islamic banking and finance industry has been making breakthrough developments to become a truly feasible and competitive alternative to conventional systems at the global level as an industry adding more ethical, competitive, flexible and diversified tools and systems to global financial marketsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (Ishaq Mansoor, 2008 pp: 708). The need for Islamic banking is prompted by three considerations: (a). An I slamic investor should keep away from alliance with industries forbidden to Muslims: such as; alcohol, gambling, pornography, meat packing (of pork), weapons production, and liquor. (b). An Islamic enterprise is advised to avoid interest (riba), as well as gambling, and, accordingly, constraints exist on transactions involved in debt securities and in futures and options. (c). Many Muslim investors tend to be attracted to enterprises monitoring the Islamic ethical and moral standards (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sullivan, 1996). The Islamic finance industry has grown by about 15 percent on average over the last three years, with more than US$500 billion now lodged in Islamic banks, mutual funds, insurance schemes (takaful), and Islamic branches of conventional banks (Jobst, Kunzel, Mills, Sy, 2008). Islamic Law prohibits charging interest (Rajesh, K.A Yousaf, T., 2000). Islamic banking is currently practiced in more than 51 countries worldwide. In countries such as, Iran, Pakistan , and Sudan, only Islamic banking is practiced whereas other countries, such as Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Jordan and Malaysia, Islamic banking co-exists with conventional banking (Chong Liu, 2007). Therefore Islamic banking, is not limited to Islamic countries as In August 2004, the Islamic Bank of Britain became the first bank licensed by a non-Muslim country to engage in Islamic banking (Chong Liu, 2007). SUKUK Islamic securities have become increasingly popular in over the last five years, both as a means of raising government finance through sovereign issues, and as a way of companies obtaining funding through the offer of corporate Sukuk (Wilson, R., 2008) as Sukuk is to be use as a tool for liquidity management (Wilson. R., 2008), the Sukuk market continues to generate strong interest by new issuers in Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Sukuk (plural of Sakk) are commonly referred to as an Islamic bond, but a more precise translation of the Arabic word would be an Islamic investment certificateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"(Thomas, 2005). The Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) defines the Investment Sukuk as a certificates of equal value representing undivided shares in ownership of tangible assets, usufructs and services or (in the ownership of) the assets of particular projects or special investment activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"(Norman, T. ,2009). Sukuk is an Islamic financial certificate, similar to a bond in Western finance that complies with Sharia, Islamic religious law. As the traditional Western interest paying bond structure is not permissible, the issuer of a Sukuk sells an investor group the certificate, who then rents it back to the issuer for a predetermined rental fee. The issuer also makes a contractual promise to buy back the bonds at a future date at par value (investropedia, 2009). Sukuk are monetised real assets (converting a government debt into available currency, especially issuing securities, that are liquid (easy to convert into cash), easily transferred and traded in the financial market (Adam, 2006). Likewise the Eurobonds are also liquid assets which are marketable and accepted by all the investors (www.independent.co.uk, 2005). Eurobonds are issued by a government, company shows potential to repay borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest at a specific time. Eurobonds are liquid and trusted bonds as it is backed by a fixed interest rate (ibid). Sukuk can be examined without any difficulty by international and regional rating agencies which facilitate their marketability (Adam, 2006). Likewise the Eurobonds are easily rated by the rating agency as these rating agencies rate these securities on the basis of the liquidity and the liabilities not on the basis of the religion and ethics (Standard Poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s, 2009). As the agencies do not rate the securities on the basis of the religion, rather securities are rated on the basis of the quality and the ability of obligator to meet the obligations (ibid). Same like the similarities in the Islamic and conventional financial securities, there are few differences as well, and on the basis of that one system can be preferred on the other system. Starting from the type, the conventional financial Security is a debenture bond whereas the Sukuk are the Secured securities. Debenture bonds are those securiti es that is unsecured corporate bond by any mortgage, dependent on the credit of the issuer (Dictionary Reference.com, 2009). Whereas the Sukuk are backed by the real assets such as they are attached with the assets which can be turned into tradable in the future or can be replaced by the real assets (Richardson Abdl-Khaleq, 2007). Eurobonds are paper bonds whereas the Sukuk securities are really assets based security which have potential to convert the security into tradable asset in future. Secondly, the major difference in Sukuk and conventional bond is the right of ownership. As Sukuk represent the ownership opportunity in existing or well described assets whereas conventional bond represent pure debt on the issuer (Adam, 2006). LITRATURE REVIEW The relative success of the Islamic finance is remarkable (Bley Kuehn, 2005)as islamic finance institution are making progress with the grwoth rate of 15-18% which is double the average growth rate of conventional finacial institutions (Saifi, 2004). We will discuss A review of the litrature on traditional financial system (TFS)and Islamic financial system( IFS) and the security markets. That is devided into sections as will be reviewing the litrature on the decline of the popularity of the TFS and the growth of the IFS over the last two decades. The litrature review basically discuss information of three area on which research will be carried: (a) traditional banking system and its downfall, (b) islamic financial system and its growth, and (c) the empirical investigation of the feasibility of islamic financial securities to alternate the traditional finacial bonds to raise funds for the projects. BACKGROUND FOR STUDY The current collapse of banking and financial institutions raised a question as interest rate has long been recognized not only by classical and neo-classical economists but also by contemporary economists as one of the factors that determine the level of savings in the economy. Although there are cases of inconsistent findings, it is a generally accepted opinion that interest rate has a positive relationship with savings (Ahmad Haron, 1999). Generally, financial institutions perform two functions; one is to collect deposits and the other is to issue loans (Toutounchian, 1996). Depositors are guaranteed a predetermined return on the nominal value of the deposit by the bank even in most of the cases the deposits are insured (ibid). Hence it can be argued that the traditional financial system plays a passive role in the economy, is operating to face any economic fluctuations (ibid). It is argued that in these banks since the nominal value of the deposits is guaranteedshocks that can lead to banking crisis can cause divergence between real assets and real liabilities and it is not clear how this equilibrium would be corrected and how long the process of adjustment would takeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (Mohsin, 1985). This is the real essence of fund intermediary function of a traditional finance (Toutounchian, 1996). Islamic finance can simply be defined that it is based on the basic principle of the prohibition of the riba as Islamic institutions does not charge interest but rather participates in the yield resulting from the use of the funds( Lewis Algaoud, 2001). Ebrahim Safadi ( 1995) advocates that islamic finance operations are according to the profit and loss sharing principle which are superior financial security to debt for many reasons including risk sharing of the equities (Hamwi Aylward, 1999. Liu Chong(2007) are of the view that the islamic finance is not different from the conventional finance as the unique feature Profit and Loss sharing ( PLS) practically is very similar to the TFS as islamic financial products based on the PLS are not interest free beacuse pegged to conventional deposits(ibid). On the other hand the basic pillar of the conventional financial system is interest rate and fixed income securities have been accepted globally in raising finance for funding large development and capital expenditures (Usmani, 2006). A fixed income security is an investment which provides a return in the form of fixed periodic payments and ultimate returns of principal at maturity (Usmani, 2006). The motivations of firms that issue global bonds is particularly to test whether firms are motivated to offer bonds in multi-markets to raise more capital, take benefit of being well-known in foreign markets and owing to poor domestic economic conditions (Tawatnuntachai Yaman, 2008). The bond market robustness converts into depression when financial crisis which started in 2007 has created the greatest financial dislocatio n since the Great Depression of the 1930s (Melvin Taylor, 2009). The Eurobond which are based on fix interest rate and guaranteed of fixed return failed to impress the investors in an auction (Kaminska, 2009). In addition, the loans rate set in the fixed income market will have large effect on the demand for properties, and thereby prices, one would strongly believe that securitised property prices are determined by the interest rate changes rather than the stock market (Cheong, Wilson, Zurbruegg, 2009). Financial markets are intergrated now a days and no single economy can avoid the effect of the financial crisis (Chapra, 2007). If the financial system is not responsible for the crisies then why there is a general nervous feeling that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢something is wrong with the financial systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (Stiglitz, 2003, p: 54 On the other hand, the Islamic finance manages the affair without involving the pre-agreed interest payment and receipts that replace the interest-based intermediation between the borrower and the lender with profit and loss sharing and equity based link (Bhatti Khan, 2009). CURRENT FINANCIAL CRISIS The credit crunch refers to a sudden shortage of funds for lending, leading to a resulting decline in loans available (Blog, 2008). A Credit Crunch can occur for various reasons such as sudden increase in interest rate, direct money controls by the governments and a drying up of funds in the capital market (Blog, 2008). The crisis started in 2008 in US supreme mortgage market and widely spread all over the world which raised a question that why this has system collapsed which leads the splillover effects from US sub- prime crisis to UK by far the most transparent and worrying for the authorities that exposed the tension between the central banks with respect to the provision of liquidity support facilities, the difficulties inherent in the economy for dealing with the banking crisis, defects in banking economy regulation and supervision and the glaring flaws in deposit protection arrangements (Maximilian, 2008). Islamic Finance Response to Crisis Principles of Islamic Finance The first principle has an effect on the depositors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"behaviour and their decision-making process. The choice of action is based not only on the immediate financial returns but also on those returns in the hereafter. Since Islamic banks operate on an interest-free basis and their establishment is designed to improve Muslim communities. In the case of the second principle that involves wealth, Islam has given a clear guideline to be followed by Muslims. The essence of Islamic finance summarised by the Charles FÃÆ' ¨vre, 2006 is as following: Interest rate, taking or receiving on transactions is prohibited. Capital must have a social and ethical purpose further than pure, unfettered return; Investments in those businesses which are dealing with alcohol, gambling, drugs or anything else that the Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah considers unlawful and unwanted, are prohibited. Transactions involving masir (speculation or gambling); gharar, or uncertainty abo ut the subject-matter and terms of contracts are forbidden which includes a prohibition on selling something that one does not own. As the interest-earning on investments are restricted, Islamic banks obtain their earnings through profit-sharing investments or fee-based returns (Charles FÃÆ' ¨vre, 2006). Traditionally an Islamic bank offers two kinds of services: firstly; it provides services for those on a fee or a fixed charge, such as safe deposits, fund transfer, trade financing, property sales and purchases or handling investments (IBID). Secondly; those that involves joint ventures in investments and the sharing of profits and losses (Charles FÃÆ' ¨vre, 2006). REASEARCH METHODOLOGY Methodology is a set of tools, techniques, procedures and investigative methods, used to collect, store, analyse and present information. Scientific methodology involves the development of hypotheses and predictions, investigating the manipulation of particular variables while maintaining all other variables constant, using measurable, objective measures and statistical analyses in order to come to conclusions about the topic under investigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (inspiritive.com, 2009). Research can be defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Saunders et al, 2003). Research methods are the means by which knowledge is acquired and constructed within a discipline. It needs to be both relevant and rigorous in order to be accepted as legitimate within a particular field of knowledge (Harvey Myers, 1995).whereas Leedy Research methodology can be explained as the process carried out to achieve the overall aim and objectives of the research (Saunders et al, 2003). What does Research Methodology Include? The research methodology involves primary data and secondary data. The primary data collected are more consistent with our research questions and research objectives. With the help of primary data the reasons behind consumer behaviour, management decisions or problems faces in internationalisation efforts can be identified (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2005). According to Hussey and Hussey, (1997, pg.149) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢original data is known as primary data, which is data collected at sourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ. Primary research provides information and data which doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"t already exist. Some of the methods of primary data collection include: Focus groups, Interviews, Observation and Questionnaires (Saunders et al, 2003). According to Saunders et al., (2007, pg.272) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“data that have already been collected for some other purpose, perhaps processed and subsequently stored, are termed secondary dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Data can be collected internally or externally from th e available materials for literature. These materials come from books, journals, articles, research papers, conference proceedings, newspapers, theses and internet sources. It includes both quantitative and qualitative data and they can be used in both descriptive and explanatory research. Within business and management research such data are used mostly in case study and survey-type research (Saunders et al, 2003). Research Methods Generally available methodological options for Research are two: qualitative research and quantitative research (Ticehurst Veal, 2000). Qualitative Research The purpose of qualitative research is to describe a certain process or problem, to interpret a particular problem and to develop new theoretical concepts and perspectives, to verify the validity of certain problem, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen particular problem (Leedy, 2005). The qualitative analysis based on meaning expressed through words, symbols, interpretations, actions and behaviour (Thornhill et al, 2003). Quantitative research Generally, quantitative research is used to answer the question about relationships among measured variables with the purpose of explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomenon ( Leedy Ormord, 2005). Whereas, Thornhill et al, (2003) stated that in quantitative analysis, the data is based on meanings from numbers. The collection results in numerical and standardised data and the analysis are conducted through the use of diagrams and statistics (Thornhill et al, 2003). The aim of the project can be viewed as qualitative, explanatory, and comparative. To fulfil these aims, the study intends to use the qualitative comparative research strategy (Bryman Bell, 2003). As Leedy Ormrod (2005) noted that qualitative researchers commonly use triangulation for the validation of the research. Comparative Analysis Given the options, qualitative research will be carried out where the literature to be reviewed will be mainly secondary data. The results obtained from the data can be validated by using the above mentioned strategies and comparative analysis which is suggested by Leedy Ormrod (2005) to fulfil the requirements of research. As the Max Weber (1968) also develop approach for social and economical analysis based on comparative method to identify that the researcher plays primary role in outlining research questions, categorizing elements of analysis, and the topics for comparison rather than assuming an objective separation of the researcher and data, as he is of the view that this kind of approach does not confuse researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s conceptualization of the under research phenomenon and phenomenon itself. Comparative analysis facilitates researcher to investigate the problem from a recognized starting point and the investigate other aspects of the object during analysis (Web er, M., 1968 cited in: Google, 2009) Data Collections and Methods In order to achieve the aims and objectives of the research a series of the reviews will be conducted on available literature on Islamic Finance and Conventional finance, particularly the Islamic securities. Islamic source of finance, Al- Quran, Sunnaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ah, Shariaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a Laws, and Hadiths books have been taken into account to get information about the Islamic financial principles, and the regulations which are applicable to the finance. This research is based on secondary data which is collected by using research techniques, procedures and instruments such as 1. Journals 2. Books 3. Libraryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s web based services such as ABI/Inform, Proquest system, Jstor, Emerald. 4. Newspapers 5. Internet and internet article As qualitative comparative analysis will allow the researcher to outline the research objectives and categorizing the elements of the analysis and the choice of selection of the topic to analyse. The comparative analysis will helpful throughout the research to investigate the selected topic from a recognised point and researcher will be able to investigate the other aspect of the analysis. The methodology will be persuaded towards an approach in order to analyse appraise views on the Islamic financial system and Islamic securities in detail as an alternative to the traditional financial system in the context of current financial crisis by presenting and discussing with supervisor as to how he see the future of Islamic and traditional banking following the direction in which it is undertaken. LIMITATIONS This research may have few limitations The main concern is the collection of basic qualitative data from reliable sources mainly from university web based sources and Google scholar search materials; the challenge will be the identification of the reliable sources as often there will be situation where the results can vary from source to source. Sorting the reliable data from since the resources have vast options and all of them might not be having the same facts and figures which will be may required more time than expected in research process. Another limitation that may occur and cause the research to be narrowed and summed up sooner is for the research to miss out on some useful information which would be useful if taken under consideration. As for the vastness of the topic it is a concern that could be distracting as religious validities can be possible but main focus will be managed throughout the research. This research is a qualitative comparative analysis which is de pending on the secondary data that may lead research to be limited as collection of data is generally more time consuming and the time is limited and it is not possible to studied wide range of literature which can make difficult to make a systematic conclusion. Drawn Conclusion Comparison of the both system (Islamic Financial System and Conventional Financial System, major will be the Islamic financial securities and conventional bonds) will formed the ground for the conclusion depending on the information gathered from research.

Class Actinopterygii Facts and Examples

The group of ray-finned fishes (Class Actinopterygii) encompasses over 20,000 species of fish that have rays, or spines, in their fins. This separates them from the lobe-finned fishes (Class Sarcopterygii, e.g., the lungfish and coelacanth), which have fleshy fins. Ray-finned fishes make up about half of all known vertebrate species. This group of fish is very diverse, so species come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. The ray-finned fishes include some of the most well-known fish, including tuna, cod, lionfish, and even seahorses. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: Actinopterygii Feeding Ray-finned fishes have a wide variety of feeding strategies. One interesting technique is that of the anglerfish, which entice their prey toward them using a movable (sometimes light-emitting) spine that is above the fishs eyes. Some fish, such as the bluefin tuna, are excellent predators, speedily capturing their prey as they swim through the water. Habitat and Distribution Ray-finned fishes live in a wide variety of habitats, including the deep sea, tropical reefs, polar regions, lakes, rivers, ponds and desert springs. Reproduction Ray-finned fishes may lay eggs or bear live young, depending on the species. African cichlids actually keep their eggs and protect the young in their mouth. Some, like seahorses, have elaborate courtship rituals. Conservation and Human Uses Ray-finned fishes have long been sought for human consumption, with some species considered overfished. In addition to commercial fishing, many species are recreationally fished. They are also used in aquariums. Threats to ray-finned fishes include overexploitation, habitat destruction, and pollution.

Child Labour

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5039 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? What are the causes and consequences of child labour amongst developing countries The child labour as a social and economic phenomenon has many aspects the most important of which seems to be the low level of financial growth that characterizes several countries which are commonly known as developing. This paper illustrates the conditions that created the necessity of the child labour, and at the same time it presents the consequences of this situation as they can be observed through a series of specific facts and other types of empirical evidence that have been collected by the relevant sources of scientific research.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Child Labour | Economics Dissertations" essay for you Create order The analysis of the problem, as described above, is followedby the presentation of a number of policies, which could help thelimitation of the problem to the most feasible level. The research done on this specific problem has revealed the existence of a high volume of relevant theories as well as of statistical data that have also been used to support the current paper. . Introduction The problem of the child labour has become a very important subjectof examination and research by the most of the internationalinstitutions especially the last decade. The reason for that is not the absence of this problem in the past but the development of the technology and the communication around the world that gave the opportunity for a series of long-lasting social problems to becomeknown to the international community. The extension and theimportance of the specific problem are severe obstacles towards its elimination. On the other hand, the creation of an international legal framework asit has been expressed by the establishment of authorized bodies and the signing of a series of orders and Conventions, can considered as an important step towards the achievement of a solution. We have to notice though that the best possible policy to thatdirection would have to compromise with the existence and the size ofthe problem avoiding to set targets that could not be achieved. Under the current circumstances, the child labour cannot disappear from the scene; it can just be reduced to a certain level (as this one is formulated by the social and financial conditions of each country). The main aim of this paper is to provide a detailed examination of the problem backed with a series of relevant data and other empirical evidence. The analysis of the current situation, as described in Chapter II, begins with the presentation of the background of the problem followed by statistical data and the views stated in the literature regarding the definition and the observation of child labour amongst developing countries. The policies that can be applied for the limitation of the problem are being presented in Chapter III. The investigation of the facts and the needs that created the phenomenon of the child labour cannot be achieved without the use of the literature (Chapter IV) that has been dealt with the specific matter mainly during the last years. The evidence that has been used to identify and interpret the problem,is presented in Chapter V. Finally, Chapter VI contains brief remarks on the problem as they have been extracted from the research done. II. The child labour in the international community background, definition and areas of children exploitation The period in which child labour appeared as a social reality cannot be defined with accuracy. There are opinions that relate the beginning of the problem with the industrial revolution whereas other ones state that the child labour had first appeared in the nineteenth century. From an investigation that took place in Britain in June 1832, it seems that the phenomenon of child labour was known at that period and referred to children working as laborers mainly to factories butalso to other business activities. The above investigation (as it is analytically presented in Basu, K., 1999, 1088) was supervised by a British Parliamentary Committee and had as main subject the child labour in the United Kingdom at that period. Although Britain was in a rather high rank regarding the child labour which can be explained by the fact that England was under development at that period of time other countries that also had a remarkable industrial development likethe Belgium, the USA and the Japan, presented a similar image regardingthe work of children in the multiple sectors of industry (see also K.Basu, 1999, 1088-89). Moreover, the data collected for the measurement of the relevantpractices during the 19th century showed that child labour did notstart declining in Britain and in United States until the second halfof that century (L.F. Lopez-Calva, 2001, 64). The dimensions of the problem of child labour can create an important concern about the level of the life that a lot of children face but also about the financial situation of a large majority of families around the world. According to data collected by the International Labor Organization (ILO), there are approximately 250 million working children aged between 5 and 14, of which at least 120 million are involved in full-time work that is both hazardous and exploitative (seealso T. I. Palley, 2002). Although the so-called developed countries have shown samples of tolerance regarding the child labour, the areas that seem to cultivate the problem are those with low level of economic and industrial growth. In a relevant research made by D.K. Brown (2001) it seems that the major factor for the existence of the problem is the poverty. The capital market failure of a specific country (as it is expressed tothe every day aspects of life, like the low level of schooling) isconsidered as another important element that co-operates the appearance and the extension of the phenomenon. When speaking for child labour we usually refer to any work by childrenthat interferes with their physical and mental development , i.e. anywork that keeps the child away from childhood related activities(Chandrasekhar, 1997). The above definition although containing ageneral view of the child labour, it cannot be applied under allcircumstances bearing in mind that a lot of differences may appear inthe context of childhood related activities in dependance with the country and the cultural influences. In this case, a more specific description of child labour is considered as necessary. M. Majumdar(2001) divides the child labour into the following categories: a) the household work, b) non-domestic and non-monetary work, c) wage labour and d) commercial sexual exploitation and bonded labour. The child labour can be applied in many areas. As an indicative examplewe can refer to the report of the National Consumers Leage (NCL) which divides the possible areas of child labour into the followingcategories (refering to specific daily activities and regarding thedanger that they include): agriculture (is the most dangerous industryfor the young workers), working alone and late-night work in retail(most deaths of young workers in this industry are robbery-relatedhomicides), construction and work at heights (deaths and serious injuryresult from working at heights 6 feet and above. The most common typesof fatal falls are falls from roofs, ladders and scaffolds or staging),driver/operator of forklifts and tractors (tractor-related accidentsare the most prevalent cause of agricultural fatalities in the U.S.A.),traveling youth crews (defined as youth who are recruited to sellcandy, magazine subscribtions and other items door-to-door or on streetcorners, these youth operate under dangerous conditions and areunsupervised) (Occupational Hazards, Aug2004) III. Policies towards the limitation of the problem A fundamental measure for the limitation of the child labour is thecreation of legislation that would impose a minimum work age and yearsof compulsory education. Although this solution seems rather in itsdesigning, in practice its quite difficult to operate . The needs ofthe everyday life can often surpass the power of the legal rules, which have been structured usually after the examination and the analysis of specific events and cannot confront the problem to its whole area. One of the main problems that a family usually faces is the change inthe working situation of its (adult) members and the financial pressurethat usually follows. Of course, there is always the solution of funding (especially when the general financial market of a country offers such an option) . However, there are occasions that such an alternative cannot operate either because the country do not afford such a plan or the specific family do not have access to this plan. Under these circumstances, it could still be possible for the householdto tap internal assets. The presence of the father in a household, thepresence of an older person in the household or the capacity of the mother to enter into the market in order to work or proceed to another type of work (in a personal enterprise), all the above can be variables that can support the assets of a family even if the latter is suffered from strong financial difficulties (see also D. K. Brown, 2001, 766). Despite the theoretical character of the legislation, there could beother measures , more applicable and feasible to be realized. Aneffort that has such a character is the increased spending on books,supplies, buildings and teacher training as it has been pursued by several governments (D. K. Brown, 772). In cases that the child labour cannot be avoided, there could be somemeasures to both to protect the children and help them to continuetheir school (while keep on working). The design of specific schedules that would allow the children to attend school after their work could be proved very helpful towards this direction. Of course, such a plan contains a lot of requirements that need to be met . As an example we could mention the sufficiency of resources (teachers) that could workfor the extra time needed and at the same time the existence of afinancial strategy (and of the relevant money) for the payment of these resources. On the other hand, a problem that may arise is the lack ofequipment or capital for the premises of the school to be open forextra hours. And we cannot forget the danger that may be related withthe attendance late at night (especially in the case of the paper thedeveloping countries). The phenomenon of the child labor has been examined and analyzed to the highest possible point by the use of the observation and theresearch in accordance with the existing legislation and the general rules that have been introduced from several countries aiming to the limitation of the problem. One of the most important studies regarding the child labour is this ofK. Basu and P. H. Van (1998) who tried to find and analyze the causesof this specific problem. After studying the results of the empiricalevidence they came to the conclusion that child labour was notconnected exclusively with external factors (i.e. employers) but it was mostly the result of internal (in the family) decisions and facts.Towards that direction, K. Basu and P. H. Van examined first the view that child labour has been based on the greed of employers who employthe children and the parents who send the children to work. The above statement is first examined by the fact that in families, which can afford the non-work of children (i.e. when the income of the parents isconsidered as sufficient), the parents try to avoid sending theirchildren to work. This phenomenon appears even in very poor countries.Under the previous aspect, the child labour is connected with thefinancial situation of the family (usually income of parents) and not the interests of the employers. This assumption of the leading familysrole is also backed, according to K. Basu and P. H. Van, by the analysis of late nineteenth-century cencus data for Philadelphia whichwas made by Claudia Goldin in 1979. According to this analysis, when the income of the father is high the probability that the child will enter the labour market is low and this relation operates in a very tight interaction (the higher the wage of the father, the lower thechance of such a fact to get realized). Another empirical evidence that seems to back the views of K. Basu and P. H. Van comes from a research that was made on this issue (connection between the familys decision and the child labour) by D. Vincent who studied working-class autobiographies. The results of his study showed that the children when working avoid to blame their parents but they tend to believe that it was the poverty that imposed their participation in the labour market.K. Basu and P. H. Van examined the issue of the role of the familys decision to the child labour under the assumption that the decision ismade by a parent. They also admit that the results of their study may differ in case that this decision is made by another person (as stated by the theories which ask for the rejection of the unitary model of the household). Regarding the role of the familys decision to the child labour, J. G.Scoville presented a model of the above decision based on the use of mathematical symbols in order to represent the real facts. In his model, there are factors (such as the social or economic class, race,ethnicity, caste or color) that define the family utility function andin this way they can cause important implications to labour market segmentation (J. G. Scoville, 715) Regarding the existence and the extension of the child labour, M.Murshed states that two are the basic issues that need to be examined in order to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the problem. The first issue includes the mechanisms under which the family decides to send a child at work. The second one is the reason for which the employers demand child laborers. In order to explain the first issue, M. Murshed uses the theory ofBeckers, known as A theory of the Allocation of Time, which presents a model for studying the household decision-making process. In the above model Beckers suggests that the decision of the family is based to the needs of the household. Whenever an extra income is consideredas necessary, family decides to send the child at work. In this model both wages of children and adults contribute to family resources. As for the second issue, M. Murshed (179) argues that employer tend to demand child laborers because they are less aware of their rights,less troublesome, more willing to take orders and to do monotonous work without complaining. Another factor is also that children work forlower wages and are not in a labour union because they work illegally. M. Hazan and B. Berdugo (2002, 811) examined the dynamic evolution of child labour, fertility and human capital in the process of development. Their analysis is based on the following assumptions: a)parents control their childrens time and allocate it between labourand human capital formation, b) parents care about the futureearnings of their children, c) the income that is generated by children is given to parents and that d) child rearing is time intensive. According to their findings, in early stages of development, the economy is in a development trap while child labour is abundant, fertility is high and output per capita is low. On the other hand, the increase in the wage differential (between parental and childlabour) decreases fertility and child labour and increases childrenseducation. As a final result, child labour tends to decrease as thehouseholds dependency on child labours income diminishes. The welfare economics approach tries to examine the child labour from the scope of investment and time allocation within the household. According to this theory, the time of the child (the non-leisure one)can be used either for school attendance and/or for work. The family makes a decision for the allocation of the childs time (i.e. for one of the above mention activities) after the calculation of the difference between the marginal benefit of the child labour (i.e.earnings and saved costs of schooling) and the marginal cost (in terms of foregone return to human capital investment). If the first of the above elements is estimated as having a higher price than the second one, then the family decides the participation of the child to the labour market (see also M. Majumdar, 2001). The decision of the parents regarding the entrance of their children tothe labour market can under certain circumstances be unefficient.According to Ballard and Robinson (2000) the above decisions areefficient when the credit market is perfect and the intergenerational altruistic transfers are nonzero. On the other hand, when there are liquidity constraints or the altruistic transfers are at a corner,these decisions are considered as inefficient. A. Bommier and P. Dubois(2004) critically evaluated the views of Ballard and Robinson andargued that the decisions of the parents could be inefficient even ifthe credit markets are perfect and there are altruistic transfers. More specifically, they argued that when parents are not altruistic enough,there is a rotten parents effect in which parents rationally sacrifice some childhood utility and choose a level of child labour that is inefficiently high. V. Evidence related with the phenomenon of child labour The child labour has been the subject of a thorough study and research and there are a lot of theories that have been stated in aneffort to define the causes of the specific problem. Towards thisdirection there have been a number of facts or existing situations thathave been used to explain the relation of the child labour with somespecific factors . One of the most known reasons for the existence andthe increase of the problem is the poverty of the household which is related with the general aspect of the modern way of life (as it hasbeen formulated under the influence of the technology) and also the fact that parents when have a low level of income do not tend to invest in the education of their children in order to achieve a high level of return (education can help to the improvement of the status of life through the increase of the level of consumption). We could also state that the income of the children can help toameliorate the conditions of life of the family and this could be thereason why the children tend to leave the school and work when their family is under severe financial pressure. This is an opinion that tries to explain the child labour through the life circumstances of a child and aims to smooth the negative consequences of the child labour. Although the poverty is usually presented as the main reason for thechild labour , there are some aspects that need to be taken intoaccount when examining the problem. First of all, we cannot define withaccuracy the financial benefit of a family from a childs work. Of course, child labour can help to the amelioration of the familys financial situation, however it is not obvious how much worse off afamily would be if the children were in school. On the other hand, we could not specify the time needed for the economic development to beachieved in order for the child labour to be abolished. More specifically it seems that there is no consistent threshold of economic development, which preceded the decline of child labour to suggest the implied relationship between economic growth and declice of child labour (M. Majumdar). In such a case, the argument about the poverty criterion of child labour can loose its significant content. We should notice that, no matter which is the financial situation of the family,even in cases of exremely low level of living, the participation of thechild to a work that could characterized as hazardous cannot bejustified as the protection of the childs rights are a priority. Moreover, the child labour although can help temporarily to theconfrontation of the poverty up to a specific point however, it canalso create the basis for the development of property by generatingpoor people to the next generation. If the child returns to school theyhave more chances to a higher level of earnings in the future or at aleast to a job that will secure their living to certain standards(avoiding the condition of poverty). The combination of these two factors could also create a better investment and a greater security of income for the family by eliminating the obstacles of poverty. The relationship between the poverty and the child labour is not absolutely proved. S.E. Dessy and D. Vencatachellum examined the issue using a sample of 83 countries and found that the coefficient of correlation between the incidence of child labour and the logarithm of gross national product is 0.74. In this way, they were directed to the assumption that child labour declines with economic prosperity, as parents feel relaxed regarding the credit constraints. However, at a next level, they found that there are countries with similar levels of gross domestic product per capita that differ in the percentage of child labour. In fact, some of them report no child labour, where as others report a high level. This assumption is also in accordance withthe view of Anker (2000) who stated that although poverty is positively correlated with child labour, there are also other factors that can reduce the school enrolment rate of a country. Hussain M. and Maskus K.E (2003) used a series of data from 64 countries in the period 1960 1980 to investigate a series of testable hypotheses about the causes of child labour. Their research showed that the incidence of child labour is negatively related to parental huma ncapital and education quality, but it is positively correlated with education cost and also that countries with higher amounts of child labour tend to have lower stocks of human capital in the future. They also found that there is a convergence phenomenon between the level and growth of human capital, i.e. the lower the current stock of human capital, the higher is current child-labour use and the fasted is the growth rate of human capital. G. Hazarika and A. S. Bedi (2003), examined the relationship between the schooling costs and the extra household child labour supply and found that these two elements are positively related. Moreover, the intra-household labour of children engaged in market work evaluated as unresponsive to changes in schooling costs. This happens maybe,according to Hazarika and Bedi because parents tend to consider childrens extra household labour and schooling as substitutes while they view intra household child labour activity differently. But if the parents could evaluate the intra-household child labour as an activity that offers more benefits than just an increase of the household consumption, then it could be a relationship between the intra-household child labour and the schooling costs. As for Pakistan(where this research refers) the intra-household child labour and schooling are not substitutes. We should also mention the importance of social norms and the cultureto the appearance and the extension of the child labour. The above analysis has to be done under different variables for the rural areas as opposite to the urban areas. Children that live in the first environment tend to help to the everyday activities in the farm and asa result, their work under these circumstances is presented as justified and necessary. As for the social norms, their role is considered as very important to the financial growth, as they have to power to influence the economic and social behaviour of the vastmajority of people. The most indicative example of their influence isthe fact that in areas where the work of children is accepted by thepeople, then the decision of a parent to send his child to work can bemuch more easy. Another very important aspect of the child labour is that is usually associated with the child abuse. Under this aspect, the reasons for the participation of the children to the labour market can be found in the demand of employers for cheap laborers and in the existence of selfish parents who do not mind sending their children to work if in that way there are more chances for them (parents) to rest. According to K.Basu and P. H. Van, although the child abuse does occur in allsocieties, the phenomenon of the child labour as a mass in most of developing countries is much more related with the poverty that characterises these countries. They refer to the example of England(late eighteenth and early nineteenth century) where parents had to send their children to work because they were obligated from the circumstances (poverty) to do so. VI. Conclusion The existence and the rapid extension of the phenomenon of child labour seems to be connected with the a series of external factors(like the low economic growth or the unadequate social policies of aspecific country) however it can be assumed by the analysis made abovethat it is also directly depended on the childs close social environment, i.e the family. Its for this reason that the measures taken towards its elimination have to be referred into both these areas. The two sides have to co-operate and act simultaneously in order to confront this very important problem. The solution (as it is often presented) of the child labour has to be interpreted under different criteria regarding the specific circumstances that it will have to occur. Although in certain occasions the entrance of the child in the labour market seems to be the only left choice, we have to bear in mind its particular physic and mental weakness (that follows its age) and evaluate the consequences for such a decision. In any case, we have to consider that a workplace that operates normally with the use of adult laborers can have negative effects when the issue refers to a child. Although the problem of the child labour is very important to its nature and its extension, the measures taken to its elimination dont seem to produce any result. The conflict of interests towards its continuation has a great responsibility to it. And these interests refer to different parties (external and internal as mentioned above).This reality must be admitted and the efforts should be directed to the modification of the existing conditions trying not to confront directly the problem but asking the parties involved to participate to its solution by offering them a satisfactory exchange for their help. References Admassie, A., Explaining the high incidence of child labour inSub-Saharan Africa, Development Review, Dec2002, vol. 14, issue 2, p.251 Amin, S., Shakil, Quayes, M., Rives, J. M., Poverty and otherdeterminants of child labor in Bangladesh, Southern Economic Journal,April2004, vol. 70, issue 4, p. 876 Anker, R., The economics of child labor: a framework for measurement, International Labour Review, 2000, 139, 257-280 Baland, J.M., Robinson, J.A., Is Child Labor Inefficient?, Journal of Political Economy, 2000, 108, 663-679 Bommier, A., Dubois, P., Rotten parents and child labor, Journal of Political Economy, Feb2004, vol. 112, issue 1, p. 240 Brown, D. K., Child labour in Latin America: Policy and evidence, World Economy, June2001, vol. 24, issue 6 Dessy, S.E., Explaining cross-country differences in policyresponse to child labour, Canadian Journal of Economics, Feb 2003,vol. 36, issue 1, p.1 Emerson, P. M., Souza, A. P., Is there a child labor trap?Intergenerational persistence of child labor in Brazil, Economicdevelopment cultural change, Jan2003, vol. 51, issue 2, p. 375 Hazan, M., Berdugo, B., Child labour, fertility and economic growth, Economic Journal, Oct2002, vol. 112, issue 482, p. 810 Hazarika, Gautam, Bedi, A.S., Schooling costs and child work inrural Pakistan, Journal of Development Studies, June 2003, vol. 39,issue 5, p. 29 Hussain, M., Maskus, K.E., Child Labour Use and Economic Growth: aneconometric analysis, World Economy, vol. 26, issue 7, p. 993 Kaushik, B., The economics of child labor, Scientific American, Oct2003, vol. 289, issue 4, p.84 Kaushik, B., Van P. H., The economics of child labor, The American economic review, June 1998, vol. 88, no. 3, p. 412-427 Kaushik, B., Child labor: cause, consequence and cure, with remarkson International Labor Standards, Journal of Economic Literature,Sep1999, vol. 37, p. 1083-1119 Latin Trade, Condemned, Oct2004, vol. 12, issue 10, p.68 Lopez-Calva, Child labor: Myths, theories and facts, Journal of International Affairs, Fall 2001, vol. 55, issue 1, p. 59 Majumdar, M., Child labour as a human security problem: evidence from India, Oxford Development Studies, vol. 29, no. 3, 2001 Mattioli, M. C., Sapovadia, V. K., Laws of Labor: core laborstandards and global trade, Harvard International Review, Summer 2004,vol. 26, issue 2, p. 60 Murshed, M., Unraveling child labor and labor legislation, Journal of International Affairs, Fall2001, vol. 55, issue 1, p.169 News, The (Mexico), Child labor in Mexico contributes almost 2 billion dollars to economy, Sep 26, 2001 Occupational Hazards, Group calls for reform of laws governing teen employment, Aug2004, vol. 66, issue 8, p.15 Palley, T. I., The child labor problem and the need forinternational labor standards, Journal of Economic Issues, Sep2002,vol. 36, issue 3, p. 601 Payroll Managers Report, International retailer is fined for child labor violations, May 2005, vol. 5, issue 5, p.2 Professional Safety, DOL issues final child labor rules for restaurant, driving roof, Mar2005, vol. 50, issue 3, p.24 Puskikar, M., Ranjan, R., The Joint Estimation of childparticipation in schooling and employment: comparative evidence fromthree continents, Oxford Development Studies, Feb2002, vol. 30, issue1, p. 41 Scoville, J. G., Segmentation in the market for child labor: theeconomics of child labor revisited, American Journal of Economics andSociology, Jul2002, vol. 61, issue 3, p. 713 Xinhua (China), Half Bangladeshi children malnourished: report, 12/10/2004 Xinhua (China), ISO countries ratify Convention to combat worst forms of child labor: ILO, 24/5/2004 Xinhua (China), Micro credit program launched to stop child labor in Bangladesh, 30/10/2003 Xinhua (China), Over 3 million child laborers in Pakistan, Jul2002 Xinhua (China), Asian countries to co-operate in eliminating child labor, 3/3/2003 Walsh, M., Sager, I., The worlds workers may catch a break, Business Week, 14/3/2005, issue 3924, p.12 World IT Report, India to abolish child labour after 2007, 15/1/2004

Aristarchus of Samos Biography

Much of what we know about the science of astronomy and celestial observations is based on observations and theories first proposed by ancient observers in Greece and what is now the Middle East. These astronomers were also accomplished mathematicians and observers. One of them was a deep thinker named Aristarchus of Samos.  He lived from about 310 B.C.E. through approximately 250 B.C.E. and his work is still honored today. Although Aristarchus was occasionally written about by early scientists and philosophers, especially Archimedes (who was a mathematician, engineer, and astronomer), very little is known about his life. He was a student of Strato of Lampsacus, head of Aristotles Lyceum. The Lyceum was a place of learning built before Aristotles time but is most often connected to his teachings. It existed in both Athens and Alexandria. Aristotles studies apparently did not take place in Athens, but rather during the time when Strato was head of the Lyceum at Alexandria. This was probably shortly after he took over in 287 B.C.E. Aristarchus came along as a young man to study under the best minds of his time. What Aristarchus Achieved Aristarchus is best known for two things: his belief that Earth orbits (revolves) around the Sun and his work attempting to determine the sizes and distances of the Sun and Moon relative to each other.  He was one of the first to consider the Sun as a central fire just as the other stars were, and was an early proponent of the idea that stars were other suns.   Although Aristarchus wrote many volumes of commentary and analyses, his only surviving work, On the Dimensions and Distances of the Sun and Moon, does not provide any further insight into his heliocentric view of the universe. While the method he describes in it for obtaining the sizes and distances of the Sun and Moon is basically correct, his final estimates were wrong. This was more due to a lack of accurate instruments and an inadequate knowledge of mathematics than to the method he used to come up with his numbers. Aristarchuss interest wasnt limited to our own planet. He suspected that, beyond the solar system, the stars were similar to the Sun. This idea, along with his work on the heliocentric model putting the Earth in rotation around the Sun, held for many centuries. Eventually, the ideas of later astronomer Claudius Ptolemy — that the cosmos essentially orbits Earth (also known as geocentrism) — came into vogue, and held sway until Nicolaus Copernicus brought back the heliocentric theory in his writings centuries later.   It is said that Nicolaus Copernicus  credited Aristarchus in his treatise, De revolutionibus caelestibus.  In it, he wrote, Philolaus believed in the mobility of the earth, and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that opinion. This line was crossed out prior to its publication, for reasons that are unknown. But clearly, Copernicus recognized that someone else had correctly deduced the correct position of the Sun and Earth in the cosmos. He felt it was important enough to put into his work. Whether he crossed it out or someone else did is open to debate. Aristarchus vs. Aristotle and Ptolemy There is some evidence that Aristarchuss ideas were not respected by other philosophers of his time. Some advocated that he be tried before a set of judges for putting forth ideas against the natural order of things as they were understood at the time. Many of his ideas were directly in contradiction with the accepted wisdom of the philosopher  Aristotle and the Greek-Egyptian nobleman and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy. Those two philosophers held that Earth was the center of the universe, an idea we now know is wrong.   Nothing in the surviving records of his life suggest that Aristarchus was censured for his contrary visions of how the cosmos worked. However, so very little of his work exists today that historians are left with fragments of knowledge about him. Still, he was one of the first to try and mathematically determine distances in space.   As with his birth and life, little is known of Aristarchuss death. A crater on the moon is named for him, in its center is a peak which is the brightest formation on the Moon. The crater itself is located on the edge of the Aristarchus Plateau, which is a volcanic region on the lunar surface. The crater was named in Aristarchuss honor by the 17th-century astronomer Giovanni Riccioli.   Edited and expanded by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Essay on George Orwells Shooting an Elephant - A Moral...

A Moral Dilemma in Orwells Shooting an Elephant nbsp; Unanticipated choices one is forced to make can have long-lasting effects. In Shooting an Elephant, by George Orwell, the author recounts an event from his life when he was about twenty years old during which he had to choose the lesser of two evils. Many years later, the episode seems to still haunt him. The story takes place at some time during the five unhappy years Orwell spends as a British police officer in Burma. He detests his situation in life, and when he is faced with a moral dilemma, a valuable work animal has to die to save his pride. nbsp; Orwell is an unhappy young policeman who lives in mental isolation. He hates British imperialism, he hates†¦show more content†¦I was an obvious target and was baited, and when he is tripped during a soccer game, the crowd yelled with hideous laughter, which seriously assaults the ego of this young man. He says that . . . I was stuck between my hatred of the empire I served and my rage against the evil-spirited little beasts who tried to make my job impossible. Helping to oppress the Burmese causes him to feel guilty and to hate his job more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear. While standing in this quagmire of hatred, Orwell encounters one of the defining moments of his life. nbsp; An innocent chain of events forces Orwell into a position in which he must choose between two undesirable options. When he goes to check a report that a tame elephant under the influence of must has broken loose and is causing damage, Orwell takes a medium caliber rifle which is much too small to kill an elephant, but I thought the noise might be useful in terrorem. Upon finding that a coolie has been killed by the elephant, Orwell trades his .44 rifle for a much larger gun simply for self-defense. This is a critical mistake; the Burmese who are following him assume that, since he now has an elephant gun, Orwell has decided to kill the elephant. The crowd quickly grows to over two thousand natives, which rattles Orwell. As he says, . . .it is always unnerving to have a crowd following you. This is especially true for a young representative of the Queen who knows the crowd willShow MoreRelated Moral Issues and Decisions in George Orwells Shooting an Elephant600 Words   |à ‚  3 PagesMoral Issues and Decisions in Shooting an Elephant      Throughout Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell, he addresses his   internal battle with the issues of morality and immorality. He writes of several situations that show his immoral doings. When George Orwell signed up for a five-year position as a British officer in Burma he was unaware of the moral struggle that he was going to face. Likewise, he has an internal clash between his moral conscious and his immoral actions. 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